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The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue.

ABSTRACT: Adipocytes can increase in volume up to a thousand-fold, storing excess calories as triacylglycerol in large lipid droplets. The dramatic morphological changes required of adipocytes demands extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including lipid droplet and plasma membrane expansion. Cell growth-related signalling pathways are activated, stimulating the production of sufficient amino acids, functional lipids and nucleotides to meet the increasing cellular needs of lipid storage, metabolic activity and adipokine secretion. Continued expansion gives rise to enlarged (hypertrophic) adipocytes. This can result in a failure to maintain growth-related homeostasis and an inability to cope with excess nutrition or respond to stimuli efficiently, ultimately leading to metabolic dysfunction. We summarize recent studies which investigate the functional and cellular structure remodeling of hypertrophic adipocytes. How adipocytes adapt to an enlarged cell size and how this relates to cellular dysfunction are discussed. Understanding the healthy and pathological processes involved in adipocyte hypertrophy may shed light on new strategies for promoting healthy adipose tissue expansion.

SUBMITTER: Li Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9723158 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue.

Li Qian Q Spalding Kirsty L KL

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 20221122

Adipocytes can increase in volume up to a thousand-fold, storing excess calories as triacylglycerol in large lipid droplets. The dramatic morphological changes required of adipocytes demands extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including lipid droplet and plasma membrane expansion. Cell growth-related signalling pathways are activated, stimulating the production of sufficient amino acids, functional lipids and nucleotides to meet the increasing cellular needs of lipid storage, metabolic activity a ...[more]

PMID: 36483678

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT) play critical roles in controlling energy homeostasis and in the development of obesity and diabetes. The mouse Fat-Specific protein 27 (FSP27), a member of the cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector (CIDE) family, is expressed in both BAT and WAT and is associated with lipid droplets. Over-expression of FSP27 promotes lipid storage, whereas FSP27 deficient mice have improved insulin sensitivity and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. In addition, FSP27-deficient white adipocytes have reduced lipid storage, smaller lipid droplets, increased mitochondrial activity and a higher expression of several BAT-selective genes. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which FSP27 controls lipid storage and gene expression in WAT and BAT, we systematically analyzed the gene expression profile of FSP27-deficient WAT by microarray analysis and compared the expression levels of a specific set of genes in WAT and BAT by semi-quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: BAT-selective genes were significantly up-regulated, whereas WAT-selective genes were down-regulated in the WAT of FSP27-deficient mice. The expression of the BAT-selective genes was also dramatically up-regulated in the WAT of leptin/FSP27 double deficient mice. In addition, the expression levels of genes involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, were increased in the FSP27-deficient WAT. In contrast, the expression levels for genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, the classic complement pathway and TGF-beta signaling were down-regulated in the FSP27-deficient WAT. Most importantly, the expression levels of regulatory factors that determine BAT identity, such as CEBP alpha/beta, PRDM16 and major components of the cAMP pathway, were markedly up-regulated in the WAT of FSP27-deficient mice. The expression levels of these regulatory factors were also up-regulated in leptin/FSP27 double deficient mice. Interestingly, distinct gene expression profiles were observed in the BAT of FSP27-deficient mice. Taken together, these data suggest that the WAT of FSP27-deficient mice have a gene expression profile similar to that of BAT. CONCLUSIONS: FSP27 acts as a molecular determinant that controls gene expression for a diversity of metabolic and signaling pathways and, in particular, the expression of regulatory factors, including CEBP alpha/beta, PRDM16 and components of the cAMP signaling pathway, that control the identity of WAT and BAT.

Dataset Information

The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue.

Publications

The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue.

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