Dataset Information

Changing associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States.

ABSTRACT: We examined whether prevalence of social class discrimination-and its association with psychological distress-has changed between 1990s and 2010s in the United States. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n = 2931) and 2004-2005 (n = 1708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011 to 2014 (n = 2543). Socioeconomic status (SES) became more strongly associated with self-rated discrimination over time, with individuals with the lowest SES experiencing more discrimination (B = 0.75, p < .001) and those with the highest SES less discrimination (B = 0.36, p < .001) over time: at baseline, the difference in self-rated discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% versus 10.8% (4.7% point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% versus 7.4% in the last study wave (12.6% point difference). Association between self-reported discrimination and psychological distress strengthened over time, but the associations between socioeconomic indicators and distress did not change. The results suggest that people with low SES had higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.

SUBMITTER: Jokela M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9790514 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Changing associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States.

Jokela Markus M Fuller-Rowell Thomas E TE

International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie 20220510 6

We examined whether prevalence of social class discrimination-and its association with psychological distress-has changed between 1990s and 2010s in the United States. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n = 2931) and 2004-2005 (n = 1708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011 to 2014 (n = 2543). Socioeconomic status (SES) became more strongly associated with self-rated discrimination over time, with individuals with t ...[more]

PMID: 35535557

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Project description:BackgroundDespite the importance of monitoring health disparities by multiple socioeconomic categories, there have been no recent updates on the prevalence of general health indicators by socioeconomic categories. The present study aims to update the prevalence estimates of health indicators by education and income categories across three age groups (children, young and middle-aged adults, and older adults) in the late 2010s by using four nationally representative data sources. We also examine socioeconomic differences in health by race/ethnicity subgroups.MethodsData were obtained from four nationally representative data sources from the U.S.: The National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018); the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES (2017-2020); the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2016-2020); and the Health & Retirement Study (2016). Respondent-rated health and obesity were selected as the health indicators of interest. Socioeconomic factors included percentages of the federal poverty level and years of educational attainment. We conducted logistic regression analyses to calculate adjusted prevalence rates of respondent-rated (or measured, in the case of obesity in NHANES) poor health and obesity by income and education categories after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. The complex sampling designs were accounted for in all analyses.ResultsPrevalence rates across racial/ethnic groups and age groups demonstrated clear and consistent socioeconomic gradients in respondent-rated poor health, with the highest rates among those in the lowest income and education categories, and decreased rates as income and education levels increased. On the other hand, there were less evident socioeconomic differences in obesity rates across all data sources, racial/ethnic groups, and age groups.ConclusionsOur results confirmed earlier, persistent evidence indicating socioeconomic disparities in respondent-rated poor health across all age and race/ethnicity groups by using four nationally representative datasets. In comparison to a decade earlier, socioeconomic disparities in poor health appeared to shrink while they emerged or increased for obesity. The results suggest an urgent need for action to alleviate pervasive health disparities by socioeconomic status. Further research is needed to investigate potentially modifiable factors underlying socioeconomic disparities in health, which may help design targeted health promotion programs.

Project description:ImportancePrior studies on the association between fine particulate matter with diameters 2.5 μm or smaller (PM2.5) and probability of death have not applied multilevel analysis disaggregating data for US census tract, states, and counties, nor tested its interaction by socioeconomic status (SES). Such an approach could provide a more refined identification and targeting of populations exposed to increased risk from PM2.5.ObjectiveTo assess the association between PM2.5 and age-specific mortality risk (ASMR) using disaggregated data at the census tract level and evaluate such association according to census tract SES.Design, setting, and participantsThis nationwide cross-sectional study used a linkage of 3 different data sets. ASMR for the period of 2010 to 2015 was obtained from the National Center for Health Statistic, SES data covering a period from 2006 to 2016 came from the American Community Survey, and mean PM2.5 exposure levels from 2010 to 2015 were derived from well-validated atmospheric chemistry and machine learning models. Data were analyzed in April 2021.ExposuresThe main exploratory variable was mean census tract-level long-term exposure to PM2.5 from 2010 to 2015.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was census tract-level ASMR. Multilevel models were used to quantify the geographic variation in ASMR at levels of census tract, county, and state. Additional analysis explored the interaction of SES in the association of ASMR with PM2.5 exposure.ResultsData from 67 148 census tracts nested in 3087 counties and 50 states were analyzed. The association between exposure to PM2.5 and ASMR varied substantially across census tracts. The magnitude of such association also varied across age groups, being higher among adults and older adults. Census tracts accounted for most of the total geographic variation in mortality risk (range, 77.0%-94.2%). ASMR was higher in deciles with greater PM2.5 concentration. For example, ASMR for age 75 to 84 years was 54.6 per 1000 population higher in the decile with the second-highest PM2.5 concentration than in the decile with the lowest PM2.5 concentration. The ASMR, PM2.5 concentrations, and magnitude of the association between both were higher in the census tracts with the lowest SES.Conclusions and relevanceThis cross-sectional study found that census tracts with lower SES presented higher PM2.5 concentrations. ASMR and air pollution varied substantially across census tracts. There was an association between air pollution and ASMR across all age groups in the United States. These findings suggest that equitable public policies aimed at improving air quality are needed and important to increase life expectancy.

Project description:Black women (BW) experience age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates that are 40% higher than White women. Although, screening rates for breast cancer are similar between White and Black women, differences in mammography utilization exist among women with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Moreover, perceived everyday discrimination (PED) has been shown to have an inverse relationship on health screening behavior among BW. However, mammography behaviors of BW with low SES, who also report higher levels of PED, is not well known. This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived discrimination, SES, and mammography behavior. Participants were recruited between 2020 and 2022 through the Bench to Community Initiative, a community-based participatory research study, and completed a 41-item survey. Logistic regression was used to test the associations of mammography utilization with PED (assessed by a shortened version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale), SES, and race/ethnicity. Most participants (77%) identified as BW (African American, African, and Caribbean) followed by White (17%) and other groups (6%). Many respondents (87%) had health insurance; 67% reported having had a mammogram; and 41% were breast cancer survivors. Most respondents (63%) had a college education and income between $51,000 and $75,000. In an initial logistic regression model, race/ethnicity, income, and PED significantly predicted mammography behavior (χ2 (8) = 45.464, p < .01). In an additional stepwise logistic regression model that controlled for a history of breast cancer, race/ethnicity, income, PED, and education accounted for 35% of mammogram screening behavior (χ2 (12) = 112.410, p < .01). Race/ethnicity, income, education, and PED were associated with mammography behavior. Addressing these social determinants of health factors may improve our understanding of ways discrimination leaves BW vulnerable to disparate health outcomes, including breast cancer.

Dataset Information

Changing associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States.

Publications

Changing associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States.

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