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The effectiveness of prosocial policies: Gender differences arising from social norms.

ABSTRACT: We study policies aimed at discouraging behavior that produces negative externalities, and their differential gender impact. Using driving as an application, we carry out an experiment where slowest vehicles are the safest choice, whereas faster driving speeds lead to higher potential payoffs but higher probabilities of accidents. Faster speeds have a personal benefit but create a negative externality. We consider four experimental policy conditions: a baseline situation, a framing condition in which drivers are suggested that driving fast violates a social norm, and two punishment conditions, one exogenous and one endogenous. We find that the most effective policies use different framing and endogenously determined punishment mechanisms (to fast drivers by other drivers). These policies are only effective for female drivers which leads to substantial gender payoff differences. Our data suggest that these results arise from differences in social norms across genders, thus opening the way to designing more effective policies.

SUBMITTER: Cabrales A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9794096 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The effectiveness of prosocial policies: Gender differences arising from social norms.

Cabrales Antonio A Kendall Ryan R Sánchez Angel A

PloS one 20221227 12

We study policies aimed at discouraging behavior that produces negative externalities, and their differential gender impact. Using driving as an application, we carry out an experiment where slowest vehicles are the safest choice, whereas faster driving speeds lead to higher potential payoffs but higher probabilities of accidents. Faster speeds have a personal benefit but create a negative externality. We consider four experimental policy conditions: a baseline situation, a framing condition in ...[more]

PMID: 36574375

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Project description:ObjectiveExamine the association between country-level gender social norms and (1) cardiovascular disease mortality rates; (2) female to male cardiovascular disease mortality ratios; and (3) life expectancy.DesignEcological study with the country as the unit of analysis.SettingGlobal, country-level data.ParticipantsGlobal population of countries with data available on gender social norms as measured by the Gender Social Norms Index (developed by the United Nations Development Programme).Main outcome measuresCountry-level female and male age-standardised cardiovascular disease mortality rates, population age-standardised cardiovascular disease mortality rates, female to male cardiovascular disease mortality ratios, female and male life expectancy at birth. Outcome measure data were retrieved from the WHO and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to explore the relationship between gender social norms and the outcome variables.ResultsHigher levels of biased gender social norms, as measured by the Gender Social Norms Index, were associated with higher female, male and population cardiovascular disease mortality rates in the multivariable models (β 4.86, 95% CIs 3.18 to 6.54; β 5.28, 95% CIs 3.42 to 7.15; β 4.89, 95% CIs 3.18 to 6.60), and lower female and male life expectancy (β -0.07, 95% CIs -0.11 to -0.03; β -0.05, 95% CIs -0.10 to -0.01). These results included adjustment within the models for potentially confounding country-level factors including gross domestic product per capita, population mean years of schooling, physicians per 1000 population, year of Gender Social Norms Index data collection and maternal mortality ratio.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that higher levels of biased gender social norms are associated with higher rates of population cardiovascular disease mortality and lower life expectancy for both sexes. Future research should explore this relationship further, to define its causal role and promote public health action.

Dataset Information

The effectiveness of prosocial policies: Gender differences arising from social norms.

Publications

The effectiveness of prosocial policies: Gender differences arising from social norms.

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