Exposure at the indoor water-air interface: Fill water constituents and the consequent air emissions from ultrasonic humidifiers: A systematic review.

ABSTRACT: This systematic review investigates the emissions from ultrasonic humidifiers (e.g., cool mist humidifiers) within indoor air environments, namely soluble and insoluble metals and minerals as well as microorganisms and one organic chemical biocide. Relationships between ultrasonic humidifier fill water quality and the emissions in indoor air are studied, and associated potential adverse health outcomes are discussed. Literature from January 1, 1980, to February 1, 2022, was searched from online databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to produce 27 articles. The results revealed clear positive proportional relationships of the concentration of microorganisms and soluble metals/minerals between fill water qualities and emitted airborne particles, for both microbial (n = 9) and inorga

SUBMITTER: Dietrich AM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9828259 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature