Research on visual search behaviors of basketball players at different levels of sports expertise.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Jin P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9876905 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Research on visual search behaviors of basketball players at different levels of sports expertise.
Jin Peng P Ge Zhigang Z Fan Tieming T
Scientific reports 20230125 1
This study aims to examine visual search strategies of skilled basketball players in an anticipation task. This study selected 48 experienced and inexperienced basketball players. The participants were grouped into novice and expert groups based on their experience. The participants were asked to look at series of pictures of offensive patterns of play in a basketball game from a third person perspective and chose one of the three options: passing, shooting and break through. This study measured ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundVisual attention plays a crucial role in daily living and in sports, affecting an athlete's performance and thus, potentially, the outcome of a match. However, studies assessing the association between the level of sports expertise and visual attention have yielded mixed results. This study was conducted to examine whether visual attention could be developed with increased sports expertise, and whether visual attention differed between male athletes and female athletes.MethodsA total of 128 participants were included in this study: 64 first-level national soccer athletes recruited from college soccer teams (considered elite athletes; 32 men and 32 women with similar soccer performance requirements and training experience), and 64 physical education college students with limited soccer experience (considered novice athletes; 32 men and 32 women with matched soccer experience). To assess visual attention, we used a multiple object tracking (MOT) task with four targets among a total of 10 objects moving at a fixed speed of 10°/s in random directions across a computer monitor screen. Tracking accuracy on the MOT task was calculated for each participant as the proportion of correctly selected targets. A univariate analysis of variance was performed, with group (expert, novice) and sex (male, female) as independent variables, and tracking accuracy on the MOT task as the dependent variable to assess whether sports expertise or sex influenced visual attention. Simple effects tests followed by comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were used, and effect size calculations were performed using Cohen's f statistic.ResultsTracking accuracy on the MOT task was significantly affected by sports expertise (F(1,124) = 91.732, p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.425), with accuracy among expert soccer athletes superior to that among novice soccer athletes. Moreover, a statistically significant interaction between sports expertise and sex was detected (F(1,124) = 7.046, p = 0.009, η P2= 0.054). Better tracking performance was observed for male soccer players (mean [SD], 0.39 [0.12]) than for female soccer players (mean [SD], 0.27 [0.08]); p < 0.01; d=1.17; r = 0.51) but only in the novice group. No significant sex difference was detected in tracking performance between elite male soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.51 [0.09]) and elite female soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.49 [0.11]).ConclusionThese findings confirm previous results indicating that long-term extensive sports training develops visual attention as assessed by MOT performance and extend previous findings to include soccer athletes. The findings of a sex difference in visual attention among novice soccer players but not among elite soccer athletes who had similar performance requirements and training experience suggest that long-term extensive training may minimize the sex difference in visual attention.
| S-EPMC10590570 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundVisual attention is very important in basketball shooting, which is a prerequisite for forming good muscle proprioception and improving the shooting rate. The ability of visual instant searching information in the process of free throw plays an important role in the mobilization of free throw percentage. The aim of this study is to explore the fixation characteristics of athletes at different levels in the process of free throw shooting and to provide scientific basis for improving the free throw training of basketball players.MethodsA total of 20 expert basketball players, 20 general basketball players and 20 novice basketball players participated in the experiment. Participants in the three groups wore eye tracker to make free throws, and analyzed the difference of visual attention among the three groups.ResultsThe expert group had fewer number of fixations on the front, bottom, top-right, and top-right areas of the basket than the general and novice groups. The expert group also had smaller saccadic amplitudes than the other two groups. In terms of fixation duration, the expert group had longer fixation duration on the front and top areas of the basket than the other two groups, while in the top-right and bottom-right areas, the expert group had shorter fixation durations. The pupil dilation of the expert group was larger than that of the other two groups.ConclusionDuring the free throw process, the expert group had a clear attentional focus, concentrated fixation points, efficient information search, and precise processing. Profound basketball knowledge, proficient skills, and accumulated experience are the foundation of visual efficient search and precise processing during free throw attempts, and they are also the prerequisite for ensuring a high free throw shooting percentage.
| S-EPMC10720415 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to clarify the effects of sport expertise and shot results on the action anticipation of basketball players. Eighty-eight male subjects participated in this study, namely, 30 collegiate basketball players, 28 recreational basketball players and 30 non-athletes. Each participant performed a shot anticipation task in which he watched the shooting phase, rising phase, high point and falling phase of a free throw and predicted the fate of the ball. The results showed that the collegiate players and recreational players demonstrated higher accuracy than the non-athletes for the falling phase but not for the other temporal conditions. Analysis of the shot results demonstrated that for made shots, the collegiate players and recreational players provided more accurate predictions than the non-athletes. These results suggested that the experienced players required a sufficient amount of information to be able to make accurate judgements and demonstrated that the experts' judgement bias for made shots was independent of the temporal condition.
| S-EPMC6944359 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Expert behavior is characterized by rapid information processing abilities, dependent on more structured schemata in long-term memory designated for their domain-specific tasks. From this understanding, expertise can effectively reduce cognitive load on a domain-specific task. However, certain tasks could still evoke different gradations of load even for an expert, e.g., when having to detect subtle anomalies in dental radiographs. Our aim was to measure pupil diameter response to anomalies of varying levels of difficulty in expert and student dentists' visual examination of panoramic radiographs. We found that students' pupil diameter dilated significantly from baseline compared to experts, but anomaly difficulty had no effect on pupillary response. In contrast, experts' pupil diameter responded to varying levels of anomaly difficulty, where more difficult anomalies evoked greater pupil dilation from baseline. Experts thus showed proportional pupillary response indicative of increasing cognitive load with increasingly difficult anomalies, whereas students showed pupillary response indicative of higher cognitive load for all anomalies when compared to experts.
| S-EPMC7259659 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The goal of this study was to reconcile inconsistency of neural engagement underlying action anticipation between experts and nonexperts, as well as between correct and incorrect anticipations. Therefore, we asked novice, intermediate, and skilled baseball batters (N, IB, and SB) to anticipate their swing decisions in response to pitching videos of a strike or ball, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behavioral results confirmed the effect of expertise that is generally shown in a linear fashion. Imaging results instead revealed a nonlinear relationship between expertise level and the evoked response amplitude of nodes within the action observation network. The relationship was best captured by an inverted U-shaped quadratic response profile across the three groups such that IB exhibited higher activation than did both SB and N. These empirical findings extend the framework of predictive coding as well as of neural efficiency in anticipating the action of others, and they might be associated with the underlying process to interpret the goal of the observed action and prepare one's own response. Furthermore, the right anterior cerebellum showed different levels of activation for correct and incorrect anticipations in all groups, adding novel evidence of its subtle involvement in anticipation processes irrespective of expertise status.
| S-EPMC7670634 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPlayers' multiple-object tracking (MOT) ability is very important in basketball because it may affect players' sports decision-making (SDM), thus affecting the results of the game. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between expert and novice basketball players in MOT ability and SDM and to explore the correlation between basketball players' visual attention and SDM.MethodsA total of 48 female basketball players (24 categorized in the expert group and 24 in the novice group) participated in the MOT task in Experiment 1 and the basketball 3 vs. 3 games in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 examined the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between expert players and novice players by changing the tracking number. Experiment 2 examined the differences between expert players and novice players through the SDM of basketball 3 vs. 3 games. Sports decisions were evaluated by basketball experts. MOT ability and SDM ability were analyzed through Pearson correlation.ResultsThe overall MOT accuracy of expert players (64.6%) and novice players (55.7%) was significantly different (χ2 = 59.693, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference in accuracy when tracking 2-3 targets (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in accuracy when tracking 4-6 targets (P < 0.05). The overall SDM accuracy of expert players (91.6%) and novice players (84.5%) was significantly different (χ2 = 31.975, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference between expert players and novice players in the accuracy of dribbling decision-making (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in the accuracy of passing decision-making and shooting decision-making (P < 0.01). When tracking 4-5 targets, the tracking score was positively correlated with the passing decision score and dribbling decision score of expert players, and the tracking score of novice players was positively correlated with the passing decision score (r > 0.6, P < 0.01).ConclusionsFirst, the tracking accuracy of expert players was significantly higher than that of novice players, especially when tracking 4-6 targets. As the number of targets increased, accuracy decreased. Second, the accuracy of expert players' SDM was significantly higher than that of novice players, especially in passing decision-making and shooting decision-making. Expert players exhibited fast and accurate SDM. Third, there was a correlation between MOT ability and SDM performance. The MOT ability of 4-5 targets was positively correlated with passing decision-making, which was statistically significant. The correlation between the MOT ability and SDM performance of expert players was greater and more significant. Having too many targets to track (more than 6) interfered with players' decisions.
| S-EPMC10075393 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundResearch findings indicate a concerning prevalence of physical inactivity among Saudi females, which has been associated with low physical performance levels. To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote sports participation, particularly in activities such as basketball. However, despite its potential benefits, the specific effects of basketball engagement among Saudi females remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between physical performance and basketball playing among female collegiate players compared to non-basketball players in Saudi Arabia. Also, this study examined the effect of years of playing basketball on the basketball players group's speed, agility, and physical activity levels.MethodsThe participants were divided into two groups: a non-athletic control group of 20 participants (age: 22 ± 2.0 years; weight: 55.6 ± 7.7 kg; height: 157.7 ± 5.5 cm) and a basketball group of 18 participants (age: 20 ± 3.3 years; weight: 60.6 ± 12 kg; height: 163.8 ± 6.3 cm).To examine the relationship between playing basketball and physical performance levels, this study included 38 female participants divided into a non-athletic control group (N = 20) and a basketball group (N = 18). To evaluate physical performance, the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Modified Agility T-Test (MAT), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used.ResultsBasketball players demonstrated significantly superior performance in the 10-MWT (Mann-Whitney-test = 1.7, p < .05) and MAT (Mann-Whitney-test = 9.6, p < .001) compared to the non-athletic participants. Furthermore, IPAQ scores were significantly correlated with speed and agility (p < 0.05).ConclusionWomen who regularly played basketball exhibited superior physical activity levels and higher physical performance in speed and agility compared to those who were less active. However, no significant differences between the years of playing and any other variables were found. Nevertheless, these findings seek to contribute valuable insights into the potential benefits of basketball playing among Saudi women.
| S-EPMC11584110 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purpose of our research was to investigate the relative frequencies of different types of basketball shots (above head, hook shot, layup, dunk, tip-in), some details about their technical execution (one-legged, two-legged, drive, cut, …), and shot success in different levels of basketball competitions. We analysed video footage and categorized 5024 basketball shots from 40 basketball games and 5 different levels of competitive basketball (National Basketball Association (NBA), Euroleague, Slovenian 1st Division, and two Youth basketball competitions). Statistical analysis with hierarchical multinomial logistic regression models reveals that there are substantial differences between competitions. However, most differences decrease or disappear entirely after we adjust for differences in situations that arise in different competitions (shot location, player type, and attacks in transition). Differences after adjustment are mostly between the Senior and Youth competitions: more shots executed jumping or standing on one leg, more uncategorised shot types, and more dribbling or cutting to the basket in the Youth competitions, which can all be attributed to lesser technical and physical ability of developing basketball players. The two discernible differences within the Senior competitions are that, in the NBA, dunks are more frequent and hook shots are less frequent compared to European basketball, which can be attributed to better athleticism of NBA players. The effect situational variables have on shot types and shot success are found to be very similar for all competitions.
| S-EPMC4454648 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe benefits associated with sports compression garments are thought to be closely related to enhanced blood flow. However, findings are equivocal, possibly due to heterogeneity in the techniques used for measuring blood flow, the garment types used, and the pressures applied. This study combined Doppler ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy technologies to provide the first comprehensive assessment of the effects of 3 sports compression garment types on markers of venous return and muscle blood flow at rest.MethodsResting lower-limb blood flow measures (markers of venous return, muscle blood flow, and muscle oxygenation) of 22 elite, junior, male basketball players (age = 17.2 ± 0.9 years, mean ± SD) were assessed in 4 separate conditions: no compression (CON), compression tights (TIGHTS), compression shorts (SHORTS), and compression socks (SOCKS). Markers of venous return (cross-sectional area, time-averaged mean and peak blood flow velocity, and venous blood flow) were measured via Doppler ultrasound at the popliteal and common femoral veins. Muscle blood flow and muscle oxygenation were measured in the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis using near-infrared spectroscopy.ResultsPopliteal markers of venous return were higher in TIGHTS compared to CON (p < 0.01) and SHORTS (p < 0.01), with SOCKS values higher compared with CON (p < 0.05). Common femoral vein markers of venous return were higher for all conditions compared to CON (p < 0.05), with TIGHTS values also higher compared to SOCKS (p < 0.05). Gastrocnemius medialis blood flow was higher for TIGHTS compared to CON (p = 0.000), SOCKS (p = 0.012), and SHORTS (p = 0.000), with SOCKS higher compared to SHORTS (p = 0.046). Vastus lateralis blood flow was higher for TIGHTS compared to CON (p = 0.028) and SOCKS (p = 0.019), with SHORTS also higher compared to CON (p = 0.012) and SOCKS (p = 0.005). Gastrocnemius medialis oxygenation was higher for TIGHTS compared to CON (p = 0.003), SOCKS (p = 0.033), and SHORTS (p = 0.003), with SOCKS higher compared to CON (p = 0.044) and SHORTS (p = 0.032). Vastus lateralis oxygenation was higher for TIGHTS compared to CON (p = 0.020) and SOCKS (p = 0.006).ConclusionMarkers of venous return, muscle blood flow, and muscle oxygenation are increased with sports compression garments. TIGHTS are most effective, potentially because of the larger body area compressed.
| S-EPMC10362518 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDynamic visual attention is important in basketball because it may affect the performance of players and thus the match outcome. The goals of this study were to investigate the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between highly skilled basketball players and nonathletic college students and to explore the relationship between visual attention and game-related performance among the basketball players.MethodsIn total, 24 highly skilled basketball players and 24 nonathletic college students participated in a multiple object tracking task. The task was conducted so that either the number of targets that were visually tracked or the speed at which a given number of tracked targets moved was altered to examine the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between the basketball players and nonathletic college students. The relationship between visual tracking speed (VTS) and game-related statistics, including assists, steals, mistakes, fouls and points scored recorded for every match during the season, was assessed among the basketball players by using Pearson correlations.ResultsA significant main effect of target tracking load was observed (P < 0.001), with visual tracking performance significantly decreased as target number increased. In addition, the speed at which the targets moved had a significant effect on visual tracking performance (P < 0.001), with tracking performance significantly decreased as target speed increased. However, no significant difference was observed in the abilities of basketball players and nonathletic college students to simultaneously track up to six targets. By contrast, a significant interaction between group and target speed was found (P < 0.001), with the visual tracking accuracy of basketball players significantly greater than that of college students at the higher target speeds examined (P < 0.001). Among basketball players, there were positive, large, and statistically significant correlations in the accuracy in VTS trials and the number of assists (P < 0.001) and between the accuracy in VTS trials and the number of steals (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe advantage of skilled basketball players to handle dynamic visual information in a multiple object tracking task was not attributable to the target number but to the target speed. Those athletes with greater dynamic visual attention were more likely to successfully assist or to steal the ball, enhancing performance of the athlete as well as contributing to a more successful team match. These findings may inform basketball training programs to improve player and team performances during matches.
| S-EPMC7443082 | biostudies-literature