Immunotherapy and the Combination with Targeted Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

ABSTRACT: One of the most important abilities of a tumor is to establish a state of immunosuppression inside the tumor microenvironment. This is made possible through numerous mechanisms of tumor immune escape that have been identified in experimental studies during the last decades. In addition, the hepatic microenvironment is commonly oriented towards a state of immune tolerance because the liver receives blood from the hepatic arteries and portal veins containing a variety of endogenous antigens. Therefore, the hepatic microenvironment establishes an autoimmune tolerance, preventing an autoimmune reaction in the liver. On this basis, hepatic tumor cells may escape the immune system, avoiding being recognized and destroyed by immune cells. Moreover, since the etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (

SUBMITTER: Laface C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9913568 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature