Epidural lidocaine, butorphanol, and butorphanol – lidocaine combination in dromedary camels

ABSTRACT:

Background

The use of general anesthesia in dromedary camels is constrained by risks related to decubitus. Caudal epidural analgesia is an alternative convenient technique providing loco-regional analgesia for numerous invasive and noninvasive painful conditions. Lidocaine is probably the most commonly used local anesthetic in clinical practice, but has a relatively short duration and may not provide significant long term analgesic benefits. Epidural administration of an opioid-local anesthetic mixture would improve the quality and length of analgesia and minimizes the adverse motor effects provoked by local anesthetics. Butorphanol (potent agonist–antagonist opioid) has been used to improve the duration of epidural analgesia in some animal species, but not in camels. Therefore, o

SUBMITTER: Nahas A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9933277 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature