Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines.

ABSTRACT: The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast majority of currently authorized human vaccinations are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, exploring novel routes of immunization has been a prominent area of study in recent years. This is particularly relevant in the face of pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, where respiratory immunization offers distinct advantages, such as inducing systemic and mucosal responses to prevent viral infections in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and also leading to higher patient compliance. However, the development of respiratory vaccines confronts challenges due to the physiological barriers of the respirat

SUBMITTER: He X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9937028 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature