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The emision of corrosive vapours by wood. Hot-water-extracted O-acetylated hemicelluloses from sweet chestnut (Castnaea sativa) and wych elm (Ulmus glabrau) and a discussion of O-acetyl-group changes occurring in these woods during incubation at 48 degrees and 100 per cent relative humidity.

ABSTRACT: 1. O-Acetylated polysaccharides were obtained from green wood of both sweet chestnut and wych elm by treatment of the residue remaining after dimethyl sulphoxide extraction with water at 98 degrees . This gives a mixture of polysaccharides containing xylose, galactose, glucose and uronic acids. Analysis of these and their fractionated products suggest that only xylans in green sweet chestnut and green wych elm are O-acetylated. 2. The isolated O-acetylated xylans are not representative of the total O-acetylated xylans occurring in sweet chestnut and wych elm. 3. Application of the method developed by Bouveng for the location of O-acetyl groups to all four O-acetylated xylans obtained in this series of investigations by dimethyl sulphoxide extraction showed that those from sweet chestnut and wych elm, under the same conditions of incubation, lost: 74.2 and 43.4% of acetyl groups respectively, at C-2; 58.0 and 28.5% of acetyl groups respectively at C-3; 41.8 and 82.2% of acetyl groups respectively at C-2 and C-3. 4. A consideration of electronic and steric factors indicates that there does not appear to be a purely chemical reason for the difference in loss of O-acetyl groups between sweet chestnut and wych elm. It is suggested that the location of O-acetylated xylans in the wood cell walls and the presence of extractive may play some part in this difference.

SUBMITTER: Cochrane GC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1184630 | biostudies-other | 1969 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:A biocultural diversity approach integrates plant biology and germplasm dispersal processes with human cultural diversity. An increasing number of studies have identified cultural factors and ethnolinguistic barriers as the main drivers of the genetic diversity in crop plants. Little is known about how anthropogenic processes have affected the evolution of tree crops over the entire time scale of their interaction with humans. In Asia and the Mediterranean, common walnut (Juglans regia L.) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) have been economically and culturally important crops for millennia; there, in ancient times, they were invested with symbolic and religious significance. In this study, we detected a partial geographic congruence between the ethno-linguistic repartition of human communities, the distribution of major cognitive sets of word-related terms, and the inferred genetic clusters of common walnut and sweet chestnut populations across Eurasia. Our data indicated that isolation by distance processes, landscape heterogeneity and cultural boundaries might have promoted simultaneously human language diversification and walnut/chestnut differentiation across the same geographic macro-regions. Hotspots of common walnut and sweet chestnut genetic diversity were associated with areas of linguistic enrichment in the Himalayas, Trans-Caucasus, and Pyrenees Mountains, where common walnuts and sweet chestnuts had sustained ties to human culture since the Early Bronze Age. Our multidisciplinary approach supported the indirect and direct role of humans in shaping walnut and chestnut diversity across Eurasia from the EBA (e.g., Persian Empire and Greek-Roman colonization) until the first evidence of active selection and clonal propagation by grafting of both species. Our findings highlighted the benefit of an efficient integration of the relevant cultural factors in the classical genome (G) × environmental (E) model and the urgency of a systematic application of the biocultural diversity concept in the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of tree species.

Dataset Information

The emision of corrosive vapours by wood. Hot-water-extracted O-acetylated hemicelluloses from sweet chestnut (Castnaea sativa) and wych elm (Ulmus glabrau) and a discussion of O-acetyl-group changes occurring in these woods during incubation at 48 degrees and 100 per cent relative humidity.

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