Complete Genome Sequence of the Type Strain of Macrococcus canis.
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PROVIDER: S-EPMC5773744 | BioStudies |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies
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Project description:The complete genome sequence of Macrococcus canis strain 19/EPI0118, isolated from a veterinary clinic environment in Switzerland, was determined using hybrid assembly of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads. 19/EPI0118 harbored the methicillin resistance genes <i>mecB</i> and <i>mecD</i> on a staphylococcal cassette chromosome <i>mec</i> element and a <i>Macrococcus</i> chromosomal resistance island, respectively.
| S-EPMC8354543 | BioStudies
Project description:A methicillin-resistant mecB-positive Macrococcus canis (strain KM45013) was isolated from the nares of a dog with rhinitis. It contained a novel 39-kb transposon-defective complete mecB-carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmecKM45013). SCCmecKM45013 contained 49 coding sequences (CDSs), was integrated at the 3' end of the chromosomal orfX gene, and was delimited at both ends by imperfect direct repeats functioning as integration site sequences (ISSs). SCCmecKM45013 presented two discontinuous regions of homology (SCCmec coverage of 35%) to the chromosomal and transposon Tn6045-associated SCCmec-like element of M. caseolyticus JCSC7096: (i) the mec gene complex (98.8% identity) and (ii) the ccr-carrying segment (91.8% identity). The mec gene complex, located at the right junction of the cassette, also carried the ?-lactamase gene blaZm (mecRm-mecIm-mecB-blaZm). SCCmecKM45013 contained two cassette chromosome recombinase genes, ccrAm2 and ccrBm2, which shared 94.3% and 96.6% DNA identity with those of the SCCmec-like element of JCSC7096 but shared less than 52% DNA identity with the staphylococcal ccrAB and ccrC genes. Three distinct extrachromosomal circularized elements (the entire SCCmecKM45013, ?SCCmecKM45013 lacking the ccr genes, and SCCKM45013 lacking mecB) flanked by one ISS copy, as well as the chromosomal regions remaining after excision, were detected. An unconventional circularized structure carrying the mecB gene complex was associated with two extensive direct repeat regions, which enclosed two open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF46 and ORF51) flanking the chromosomal mecB-carrying gene complex. This study revealed M. canis as a potential disease-associated bacterium in dogs and also unveiled an SCCmec element carrying mecB not associated with Tn6045 in the genus Macrococcus.
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Project description:A methicillin-resistant Macrococcus isolate from canine otitis, H889678/16/1, was whole-genome sequenced using HiSeq technology to identify the species, antimicrobial resistance determinates and their genomic context. H889678/16/1 belonged to the newly described species Macrococcus bohemicus. It encoded mecB within a novel SCCmec element most similar to that of Macrococcus canis KM45013T. This SCCmecH889678/16/1 element also encoded blaZm and fusC, but no other resistance determinates were found in the H889678/16/1 genome. The ccrA and ccrB recombinase genes within SCCmecH889678/16/1 were distinct from those previously described in staphylococci and macrococci and therefore designated here as ccrAm3 and ccrBm3. Our study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of mecB being encoded by M. bohemicus and of methicillin resistance in this species. Furthermore, the SCCmec described here is highly dissimilar to other such elements and encodes novel ccr genes. Our report demonstrates a wider distribution of mecB among Macrococcus species and expands the genomic context in which mecB may be found. The potential for dissemination of mec genes from Macrococcus to related but more pathogenic Staphylococcus species highlights the need to understand the epidemiology of these genes in macrococci.
| S-EPMC7560078 | BioStudies
Project description:The genus <i>Macrococcus</i> is a close relative of the genus <i>Staphylococcus</i>. Whilst staphylococci are widespread as human pathogens, macrococci have not yet been reported from human clinical specimens. Here we investigated Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci recovered from human clinical material and identified as <i>Macrococcus</i> sp. by a polyphasic taxonomic approach and by comparative genomics. Relevant phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic methods divided the analyzed strains into two separate clusters within the genus <i>Macrococcus</i>. Comparative genomics of four representative strains revealed enormous genome structural plasticity among the studied isolates. We hypothesize that high genomic variability is due to the presence of a <i>com</i> operon, which plays a key role in the natural transformation of bacilli and streptococci. The possible uptake of exogenous DNA by macrococci can contribute to a different mechanism of evolution from staphylococci, where phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer predominates. The described macrococcal genomes harbor novel plasmids, genomic islands and islets, as well as prophages. Capsule gene clusters, intracellular protease, and a fibronectin-binding protein enabling opportunistic pathogenesis were found in all four strains. Furthermore, the presence of a CRISPR-Cas system with 90 spacers in one of the sequenced genomes corresponds with the need to limit the burden of foreign DNA. The highly dynamic genomes could serve as a platform for the exchange of virulence and resistance factors, as was described for the methicillin resistance gene, which was found on the novel composite SCC<i>mec</i>-like element containing a unique <i>mec</i> gene complex that is considered to be one of the missing links in SCC evolution. The phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic results demonstrated that the analyzed strains represent one novel subspecies and three novel species of the genus <i>Macrococcus</i>, for which the names <i>Macrococcus caseolyticus</i> subsp. <i>hominis</i> subsp. nov. (type strain CCM 7927<sup>T</sup> = DSM 103682<sup>T</sup>), <i>Macrococcus goetzii</i> sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4927<sup>T</sup> = DSM 103683<sup>T</sup>), <i>Macrococcus epidermidis</i> sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7099<sup>T</sup> = DSM 103681<sup>T</sup>), and <i>Macrococcus bohemicus</i> sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7100<sup>T</sup> = DSM 103680<sup>T</sup>) are proposed. Moreover, a formal description of <i>Macrococcus caseolyticus</i> subsp. <i>caseolyticus</i> subsp. nov. and an emended description of the genus <i>Macrococcus</i> are provided.
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Project description:Macrococcus is a bacterial genus that is closely related to Staphylococcus, which typically is isolated from animal skin and products. The genome analysis of multidrug-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSC5402, isolated from chicken, previously led to the identification of plasmid pMCCL2, which carries a transposon containing an unusual form of the Macrococcus mec gene complex (mecA(m)-mecR1(m)-mecI(m)-blaZ(m)). In M. caseolyticus strain JCSC7096, this mec transposon containing the mec gene complex (designated Tn6045 in this study) was found integrated downstream of orfX on the chromosome. Tn6045 of JCSC7096 was bracketed by the direct repeat sequences (DR) specifically recognized by cassette chromosome recombinase (CCR). A non-mecA-containing staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element, designated SCC(7096), was integrated next to the mec transposon and separated from the latter by a DR. Nested PCR experiments showed that the mec transposon not only was excised singly but also coexcised with SCC(7096) from the chromosome at the DRs. The coexcised elements formed the extrachromosomal closed circular DNA of the SCCmec-like element. SCCmec is known to be the mobile element conveying methicillin (meticillin) resistance in staphylococci. However, its origin has been unknown. Our observation revealed a potential mechanism of the generation of a new SCCmec-like element in M. caseolyticus, a commensal bacterium of food animals.
| S-EPMC2849352 | BioStudies
Project description:Methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strains from bovine and canine origins were found to carry a novel mecD gene conferring resistance to all classes of β-lactams including anti-MRSA cephalosporins. Association of β-lactam resistance with mecD was demonstrated by gene expression in S. aureus and deletion of the mecD-containing island in M. caseolyticus. The mecD gene was located either on an 18,134-bp M. caseolyticus resistance island (McRI<sub>mecD</sub>-1) or a 16,188-bp McRI<sub>mecD</sub>-2. Both islands were integrated at the 3' end of the rpsI gene, carried the mecD operon (mecD-mecR1<sub>m</sub>-mecI<sub>m</sub>), and genes for an integrase of the tyrosine recombinase family and a putative virulence-associated protein (virE). Apart from the mecD operon, that shared 66% overall nucleotide identity with the mecB operon, McRI<sub>mecD</sub> islands were unrelated to any mecB-carrying elements or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec. Only McRI<sub>mecD</sub>-1 that is delimitated at both ends by direct repeats was capable of circular excision. The recombined excision pattern suggests site-specific activity of the integrase and allowed identification of a putative core attachment site. Detection of rpsI-associated integrases in Bacillus and S. aureus reveals a potential for broad-host range dissemination of the novel methicillin resistance gene mecD.
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Project description:Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 14 strains of 4 species of the genus Macrococcus These strains were isolated from bovine milk and tongue samples obtained during a screening program.
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Project description:Species of the genus Macrococcus are widespread commensals of animals but are becoming increasingly recognised as veterinary pathogens. They can encode methicillin resistance and are implicated in its spread to the closely-related, but more pathogenic, staphylococci. In this study we have identified 33 isolates of methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus from bovine bulk tank milk from England and Wales. These isolates were characterised to provide insight into the molecular epidemiology of M. caseolyticus and to discern the genetic basis for their methicillin resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Vitek2 and disc diffusion. Isolates were whole-genome sequenced to evaluate phylogenetic relationships and the presence of methicillin resistance determinants, mecA-D. All 33 isolates were phenotypically methicillin-resistant according to cefoxitin disc diffusion, cefoxitin Etest and oxacillin resistance assessed by Vitek2. In contrast only a single isolate was resistant in the Vitek2 cefoxitin screen. Twenty-seven isolates were positive for mecD and six were positive for mecB. mecA and mecC were not detected. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that these methicillin-resistant isolates represented a heterogeneous population with both mecB and mecD found in diverse isolates. Isolates had a widespread distribution across the sampled region. Taken together with the role of M. caseolyticus in veterinary infections, including bovine mastitis, and in the potential spread of methicillin resistance to more pathogenic staphylococci, this work highlights the need to better understand their epidemiology and for increased awareness among veterinary microbiology laboratories.
| S-EPMC6159548 | BioStudies
Project description:Chromosomal resistance islands containing the methicillin resistance gene <i>mecD</i> (McRI <i><sub>mecD</sub></i> ) have been reported in <i>Macrococcus caseolyticus</i> Here, we identified novel macrolide resistance genes in <i>Macrococcus canis</i> on similar elements, called McRI <i><sub>msr</sub></i> These elements were also integrated into the 3' end of the 30S ribosomal protein S9 gene (<i>rpsI</i>), delimited by characteristic attachment (<i>att</i>) sites, and carried a related site-specific integrase gene (<i>int</i>) at the 5' end. They carried novel macrolide resistance genes belonging to the <i>msr</i> family of ABC subfamily F (ABC-F)-type ribosomal protection protein [<i>msr</i>(F) and <i>msr</i>(H)] and the macrolide efflux <i>mef</i> family [<i>mef</i>(D)]. Highly related <i>mef</i>(D)-<i>msr</i>(F) fragments were found on diverse McRI <i><sub>msr</sub></i> elements in <i>M. canis</i>, <i>M. caseolyticus,</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Another McRI <i><sub>msr</sub></i> -like element identified in an <i>M. canis</i> strain lacked the classical <i>att</i> site at the 3' end and carried the <i>msr</i>(H) gene but no neighboring <i>mef</i> gene. The expression of the novel resistance genes in <i>S. aureus</i> resulted in a low-to-moderate increase in the MIC of erythromycin but not streptogramin B. In the <i>mef</i>(D)-<i>msr</i>(F) operon, the <i>msr</i>(F) gene was shown to be the crucial determinant for macrolide resistance. The detection of circular forms of McRI <i><sub>msr</sub></i> and the <i>mef</i>(D)-<i>msr</i>(F) fragment suggested mobility of both the island and the resistance gene subunit. The discovery of McRI <i><sub>msr</sub></i> in different <i>Macrococcus</i> species and <i>S. aureus</i> indicates that these islands have a potential for dissemination of antibiotic resistance within the <i>Staphylococcaceae</i> family.
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Project description:We report here the draft genome sequences of Macrococcus bovicus ATCC 51825T, Macrococcus carouselicus ATCC 51828T, Macrococcus equipercicus ATCC 51831T, Macrococcus brunensis CCM4811T, Macrococcus hajekii CCM4809T, and Macrococcus lamae CCM4815T The availability of the genome sequences of these species will enable cross-species comparison, which could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of organisms of the Macrococcus genus.
| S-EPMC6509531 | BioStudies