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Genome-wide identification of Grainy head targets in Drosophila [ChIP-seq]

ABSTRACT: Grainy head (Grh) is a conserved transcription factor (TF) controlling epithelial differentiation and regeneration. To elucidate Grh functions, we identified embryonic Grh targets by ChIP-seq and gene expression analysis. We show that Grh controls hundreds of target genes. Repression or activation correlates with the distance of Grh binding sites to the transcription start sites of its targets. Analysis of 54 Grh-responsive enhancers during development and upon wounding suggests cooperation with distinct TFs in different contexts. In the airways, Grh repressed genes encode key TFs involved in branching and cell differentiation. Reduction of the POU-domain TF, Vvl, (ventral veins lacking) largely ameliorates the airway morphogenesis defects of grh mutants. Vvl and Grh proteins additionally interact with each other and regulate a set of common enhancers during epithelial morphogenesis. We conclude that Grh and Vvl participate in a regulatory network controlling epithelial maturation.

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila melanogaster

PROVIDER: GSE102550 | GEO | 2017/08/12

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA398029

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Genome-wide identification of Grainy head targets in Drosophila [gene expression]

Project description:Grainy head (Grh) is a conserved transcription factor (TF) controlling epithelial differentiation and regeneration. To elucidate Grh functions, we identified embryonic Grh targets by ChIP-seq and gene expression analysis. We show that Grh controls hundreds of target genes. Repression or activation correlates with the distance of Grh binding sites to the transcription start sites of its targets. Analysis of 54 Grh-responsive enhancers during development and upon wounding suggests cooperation with distinct TFs in different contexts. In the airways, Grh repressed genes encode key TFs involved in branching and cell differentiation. Reduction of the POU-domain TF, Vvl, (ventral veins lacking) largely ameliorates the airway morphogenesis defects of grh mutants. Vvl and Grh proteins additionally interact with each other and regulate a set of common enhancers during epithelial morphogenesis. We conclude that Grh and Vvl participate in a regulatory network controlling epithelial maturation.

2017-08-12 | GSE102549 | GEO

Stable Binding of the Conserved Transcription Factor Grainy Head to Its Target Genes Throughout Drosophila melanogaster Development

Project description:It has been suggested that transcription factor binding is temporally dynamic, and that changes in binding determine transcriptional output. Nonetheless, this model is based on relatively few examples in which transcription factor binding has been assayed at multiple developmental stages. The essential transcription factor Grainy head (Grh) is conserved from fungi to humans, and controls epithelial development and barrier formation in numerous tissues. Drosophila melanogaster, which possess a single grainy head (grh) gene, provide an excellent system to study this conserved factor. To determine whether temporally distinct binding events allow Grh to control cell fate specification in different tissue types, we used a combination of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to elucidate the gene regulatory network controlled by Grh during four stages of embryonic development (spanning stages 5-17) and in larval tissue. Contrary to expectations, we discovered that Grh remains bound to at least 1146 genomic loci over days of development. In contrast to this stable DNA occupancy, the subset of genes whose expression is regulated by Grh varies. Grh transitions from functioning primarily as a transcriptional repressor early in development to functioning predominantly as an activator later. Our data reveal that Grh binds to target genes well before the Grh-dependent transcriptional program commences, suggesting it sets the stage for subsequent recruitment of additional factors that execute stage-specific Grh functions.

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Developmentally regulated requirement for the conserved transcription factor Grainy head in determining chromatin accessibility

Project description:Pioneer transcription factors initiate changes in gene expression by binding to cis-regulatory modules and promoting chromatin accessibility. It is suggested that this activity is an essential first step in priming these sites for the binding of other factors. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether pioneering activity is always required when these factors are present during development. The highly conserved, essential transcription factor Grainy head was recently identified as a pioneer factor in Drosophila larval imaginal discs, yet Grainy head is present throughout development. To determine whether Grainy head maintains its pioneering role throughout development, we performed ATAC-seq on embryos lacking either maternal or zygotic Grainy head at three stages of development (stage 5, stage 6, and stage 15). Surprisingly, we discovered that neither maternal nor zygotic Grainy head are required for chromatin accessibility in early embryogenesis. Nonetheless, we find that Grainy head binding is correlated with some cis-regulatory modules that gain chromatin accessibility at gastrulation. Intriguingly, later in embryogenesis Grainy head gains a role in promoting chromatin accessibility. Additionally, we determined that Grainy head is able to remain bound to mitotic chromatin, like other pioneer factors, yet this ability is separate from its pioneering activity. Our data reveal that Grainy head pioneering activity is temporally, suggesting that other unidentified pioneer factors compensate for the loss of Grainy head.

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