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Inflorescence development and the role of LsFT in regulating bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

ABSTRACT: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetable that is consumed during its vegetative growth. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is induced by high temperature, which has significant economic effect on lettuce production. However, the progression of floral transition and the molecular regulation of bolting are largely unknown. Here we morphologically characterized the inflorescence development and functionally analyzed the FLOWERING LOCUS T (LsFT) gene during bolting regulation in lettuce. We described the 8 developmental stages during floral transition process. The expression of LsFT was negatively correlated with bolting in different lettuce varieties, and was promoted by heat treatment. Overexpression of LsFT could recover the late-flowering phenotype of ft-2 mutant. Knockdown of LsFT by RNA interference dramatically delayed bolting in lettuce, and failed to respond to high temperature. Therefore, this study dissects the process of inflorescence development and characterizes the role of LsFT in bolting regulation in lettuce.

ORGANISM(S): Lactuca sativa

PROVIDER: GSE108260 | GEO | 2018/02/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Bolting is a key process in the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). High temperature can induce earlier bolting which decreases in both quality and production of lettuce. However, knowledge underlying lettuce bolting is still lacking. To better understand the molecular basis of bolting, a comparative proteomics analysis was conducted on lettuce stems in the bolting period induced by high temperature (33 °C) compared with a control (20 °C) using iTRAQ-based proteomics, phenotypic measures, and biological verifications. High temperature induced lettuce bolting, while control temperature did not. Of the 6656 proteins identified, 758 proteins significantly altered their expression level induced by high-temperature relative to the control, of which 409 were up-regulated and 349 down-regulated. Proteins with abundance level change were mainly involved in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, hormone synthesis, and signal transduction. These differential proteins were mainly enriched in pathways associated with photosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism involving in auxin (IAA) biosynthesis. Among the differentially expressed proteins associated with photosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism were up-regulated. Moreover, in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway, 10 of main enzymes of P450 were up-regulated. Proteins related to SAUR and GRP, implicated in IAA and GA signal transduction were up-regulated, and the phosphorylation and ubiquitination related proteins regulating IAA and GA signal transduction were also induced. These findings indicate that a high temperature enhances the function of photosynthesis, IAA and GA synthesis and signal transduction to promote the process of bolting, which is in line with the physiology and transcription levels of IAA and GA metabolism. Our data provide a first comprehensive dataset for gaining novel understanding of the molecular basis underlying lettuce bolting induced by high temperature. It is potentially important for further functional analysis and genetic manipulation for molecular breeding to breed new cultivar of lettuce to restrain early bolting, which is vital for improving vegetable quality.

Project description:Temperature plays an important role in the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). A high temperature can induce bolting, which decreases both the quality and production of lettuce. However, knowledge of underlying lettuce bolting is still lacking, especially in the molecular basis that high temperature promotes the premature bolting of lettuce at the phosphorylated level. In this study, we analyzed the lettuce stems during the bolting period induced by a high temperature (33oC/25oC, day/ night) and a controlled temperature (20oC/13oC, day/night) using iTRAQ-based phosphoproteome and 987 phosphoproteins were significantly changed after high-temperature treatment and a total of 3814 phosphorylation sites located in 1766 phosphopeptides were identified. Also, we found 216 phosphoproteins significantly regulated, of which 116 up-regulated and 101 down-regulated, and the abundance changed peptides after high-temperature treatment was significantly involved in the biological process (BP) of water homeostasis. Most of these phosphoproteins were associated with metabolic process, correspondingly the main molecular functions are catalytic activity and transporter activity. The top 10 signaling pathways included spliceosome, starch and sucrose metabolism, RNA transport, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, phospholipase D signaling pathway, apoptosis, protein export, tight junction, and glycerolipid metabolism. For further, we found the high-temperature influence phosphoprotein activity associated with metabolism, especially, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, methane metabolism. The kinases, including proline-directed, acidic, basic, others and tyrosine, were predicted to be involved in signal transduction and metabolism regulation. The proline-directed motif such as ..SP..[s]P, [s]P, [t]P was the dominant class, proline-directed motifs associated with MAK kinase, and several acidic motifs are casein kinase II motif are necessary for lettuce blotting. Our study showed phosphoproteome profiling in response to high temperature and provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulated in lettuce blotting

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Inflorescence development and the role of LsFT in regulating bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

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