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Graded arrays of spinal and supraspinal V2a interneuron subtypes underlie forelimb and hindlimb motor control [scRNA-seq]

ABSTRACT: The spinal cord contains neural networks that enable regionally-distinct motor outputs along the body axis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how segment-specific motor computations are processed because the cardinal interneuron classes that control motor neurons appear uniform at each level of the spinal cord. V2a interneurons are essential to both fore and hindlimb movements and here we identified two major types that emerge during development: Type-I neurons marked by high Chx10 form recurrent networks with neighboring spinal neurons, and Type-II that downregulate Chx10 and project to supraspinal structures. Type-I and -II V2a interneurons are arrayed in counter-gradients and this network activates different patterns of motor output at cervical and lumbar levels. Single cell RNA-seq revealed Type-I and -II V2a neurons are each comprised of multiple subtypes. Our findings uncover a molecular and anatomical organization of V2a interneurons reminiscent of the orderly way motor neurons are divided into columns and pools.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE108788 | GEO | 2018/02/22

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Graded arrays of spinal and supraspinal V2a interneuron subtypes underlie forelimb and hindlimb motor control [RNA-seq]

Project description:The spinal cord contains neural networks that enable regionally-distinct motor outputs along the body axis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how segment-specific motor computations are processed because the cardinal interneuron classes that control motor neurons appear uniform at each level of the spinal cord. V2a interneurons are essential to both fore and hindlimb movements and here we identified two major types that emerge during development: Type-I neurons marked by high Chx10 form recurrent networks with neighboring spinal neurons, and Type-II that downregulate Chx10 and project to supraspinal structures. Type-I and -II V2a interneurons are arrayed in counter-gradients and this network activates different patterns of motor output at cervical and lumbar levels. Single cell RNA-seq revealed Type-I and -II V2a neurons are each comprised of multiple subtypes. Our findings uncover a molecular and anatomical organization of V2a interneurons reminiscent of the orderly way motor neurons are divided into columns and pools.

2018-02-22 | GSE108775 | GEO

Chx10 consolidates V2a interneuron identity through two distinct gene repression modes [RNA-Seq]

Project description:During development, two cell-types born from closely related progenitor pools often express the identical transcriptional regulators despite their completely distinct characteristics. This phenomenon highlights the necessity of the mechanism that operates to segregate the identities of the two cell-types throughout differentiation after initial fate commitment. To understand this mechanism, we investigated the fate specification of spinal V2a interneurons, which share important developmental genes with motor neurons (MNs). Here we demonstrate that the paired homeodomain factor Chx10 functions as a critical determinant for V2a fate and is required to consolidate V2a identity in postmitotic neurons. Chx10 actively promotes V2a fate, downstream of the LIM-homeodomain factor Lhx3, while concomitantly suppressing MN developmental program by preventing the MN-specific transcription complex from binding and activating MN genes. This dual activity enables Chx10 to effectively separate V2a and MN pathways. Together, our study uncovers a widely applicable gene regulatory principle for segregating related cell fates. RNA samples from Chx10-ESC-derived MNs were prepared for sequencing according to the Illumina protocol, and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000. We will then compare the transcriptome changes between -Dox (no Chx10) and +Dox (Chx10) in order to identify genes rregulated by Chx10.

2016-07-28 | E-GEOD-83873 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Chx10 consolidates V2a interneuron identity through two distinct gene repression modes [ChIP-Seq]

Project description:During development, two cell-types born from closely related progenitor pools often express the identical transcriptional regulators despite their completely distinct characteristics. This phenomenon highlights the necessity of the mechanism that operates to segregate the identities of the two cell-types throughout differentiation after initial fate commitment. To understand this mechanism, we investigated the fate specification of spinal V2a interneurons, which share important developmental genes with motor neurons (MNs). Here we demonstrate that the paired homeodomain factor Chx10 functions as a critical determinant for V2a fate and is required to consolidate V2a identity in postmitotic neurons. Chx10 actively promotes V2a fate, downstream of the LIM-homeodomain factor Lhx3, while concomitantly suppressing MN developmental program by preventing the MN-specific transcription complex from binding and activating MN genes. This dual activity enables Chx10 to effectively separate V2a and MN pathways. Together, our study uncovers a widely applicable gene regulatory principle for segregating related cell fates. ChIP DNA samples from Chx10-ESC-derived MNs were prepared for sequencing according to the Illumina protocol, and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000. The peak calling was conducted with MACS software (Zhang et al., 2008). MEME-ChIP Suite (Bailey et al., 2009; Machanick and Bailey, 2011) and TOMTOM algorithm (Gupta et al., 2007) was used for motif analysis.

2016-07-28 | E-GEOD-83872 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Chx10 consolidates V2a interneuron identity through two distinct gene repression modes [RNA-Seq]

2016-07-28 | GSE83873 | GEO

Chx10 consolidates V2a interneuron identity through two distinct gene repression modes [ChIP-Seq]

2016-07-28 | GSE83872 | GEO

Next Generation Sequencing of zebrafish V2a interneurons in spinal segments rostral to the lesion after spinal cord injury

Project description:The goals of this study is to compare transcriptome profiles (RNA-seq) of zebrafish V2a interneurons with regrown axon and those without regrown axon in the spinal segments rostral to the lesion after spinal cord injury. For purification of V2a interneurons with regrown axon, the fluorescent tracer Rhodamine Dextran (RD) was retrogradely applied to Tg(Chx10:GFP) fish at three or eight weeks post injury. Spinal cord segments rostral to the lesion site was collected from 20 fish at 3- or 8 wpi, and corresponding spinal cord segments from 20 uninjured fish were collected as control material. GFP+/RD+ and GFP+/RD- cells were FAC-sorted and subjected to RNA-sequencing. Total RNA was isolated using SMART-SeqTM v4 UltraTM Low Input RNA Kit for Sequencing (Clontech). Sequencing libraries (N=5-6) were generated using NEBNext UltraTM RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina following the manufacturer’s instructions (NEB). We mapped about 40-80 million sequence reads per sample to the zebrafish genome and identified 42,370 transcripts in the zebrafish V2a interneurons in the spinal cord. Our study represents the detailed analysis of transcriptomes of zebrafish V2a interneurons with regrown axon and those without regrown axon in the spinal segments rostral to the lesion after spinal cord injury.

2022-09-13 | GSE213081 | GEO

Molecular blueprints for spinal circuit modules controlling locomotor speed

Project description:The flexibility of motor actions is ingrained in the diversity of neurons and how they are organized into functional circuit modules, yet our knowledge of the molecular underpinning of motor circuit modularity remains limited. Locomotion is a motor behavior characterized by sudden changes in speed and strength enabled by the coordinated recruitment of different motoneuron subtypes. Here we use adult zebrafish to link the molecular diversity of motoneurons and the rhythm-generating V2a interneurons with their modular circuit organization that is responsible for changes in locomotor speed. We show that the molecular diversity of motoneurons and V2a interneurons reflects their functional segregation into slow, intermediate or fast subtypes. Furthermore, we reveal shared molecular signatures between V2a interneurons and motoneurons of the three speed circuit modules. Overall, by characterizing how the molecular diversity of motoneurons and V2a interneurons relates to their function, connectivity and behavior, our study provides important insights not only into the molecular mechanisms for neuronal and circuit diversity for locomotor flexibility but also for charting circuits for motor actions in general.

2023-09-29 | GSE243993 | GEO

Single nucleus RNA-sequencing defines unexpected diversity of cholinergic neuron types in the adult mouse spinal cord

Project description:We developed a targeted single nucleus RNA sequencing approach to enrich and transcriptomically characterize cholinergic neurons of the adult mouse spinal cord. Our data expose markers for known classes of cholinergic neurons and their extremely rich diversity. Visceral/preganglionic motor neurons could be divided into more than a dozen transcriptomic classes with anatomically restricted localization along the spinal cord. The complexity of the skeletal motor neurons was also reflected in our analysis with alpha, gamma, and a third subtype clearly distinguished. We further identified previously unrecognized subtypes of cholinergic interneurons.

2021-02-27 | GSE167597 | GEO

Expression data from wildtype and unc-37 mutant A-class motor neurons in C. elegans

Project description:In Caenorhabditis elegans, VA and VB motor neurons arise as lineal sisters but synapse with different interneurons to regulate locomotion. VA-specific inputs are defined by the UNC-4 homeoprotein and its transcriptional corepressor, UNC-37/Groucho, which function in the VAs to block the creation of chemical synapses and gap junctions with interneurons normally reserved for VBs. To reveal downstream genes that control this choice, we have employed a cell-specific microarray strategy that has now identified unc-4-regulated transcripts. One of these genes, ceh-12, a member of the HB9 family of homeoproteins, is normally restricted to VBs. We show that expression of CEH-12/HB9 in VA motor neurons in unc-4 mutants imposes VB-type inputs. Thus, this work reveals a developmental switch in which motor neuron input is defined by differential expression of transcription factors that select alternative presynaptic partners. The conservation of UNC-4, HB9, and Groucho expression in the vertebrate motor circuit argues that similar mechanisms may regulate synaptic specificity in the spinal cord. We employ the mRNA-tagging method to isolate poly(A) RNA from wildtype and unc-37 mutant A-class motor neurons by expressing a 3X FLAG-tagged poly(A) binding protein PAB-1 in DA/VA neurons under control of the unc-4 promoter. A 2-round IVT protocol (modified from the Affymetrix small-sample protocol) was used to convert starting RNA into biotinylated aRNA.

2012-09-01 | E-GEOD-32467 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Spinal Cord Trauma Supraspinal Tracts

Project description:Summary: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a damage to the spinal cord induced by trauma or disease resulting in a loss of mobility or feeling. SCI is characterized by a primary mechanical injury followed by a secondary injury in which several molecular events are altered in the spinal cord often resulting in loss of neuronal function. Analysis of the areas directly (spinal cord) and indirectly (raphe and sensorimotor cortex) affected by injury will help understanding mechanisms of SCI. Hypothesis: Areas of the brain primarily affected by spinal cord injury are the Raphe and the Sensorimotor cortex thus gene expression profiling these two areas might contribute understanding the mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Specific Aim: The project aims at finding significantly altered genes in the Raphe and Sensorimotor cortex following an induced moderate spinal cord injury in T9. Keywords: other

2005-02-11 | GSE2270 | GEO

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