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Pervasive functional translation of noncanonical open reading frames

ABSTRACT: Ribosome profiling has revealed pervasive but largely uncharacterized translation outside of canonical coding sequences (CDSs). Here, we exploit a systematic CRISPR-based screening strategy to identify hundreds of non-canonical CDSs that are essential for cellular growth and whose disruption elicit specific, robust transcriptomic and phenotypic changes in human cells. Functional characterization of the encoded microproteins reveals distinct cellular localizations, specific protein binding partners, and hundreds that are presented by the HLA system. Interestingly, we find multiple microproteins encoded in upstream open reading frames, which form stable complexes with the main, canonical protein encoded on the same mRNA, thus revealing the diverse use of functional bicistronic operons in mammals. Together, our results point to a family of functional human microproteins that play critical and diverse cellular roles.

OTHER RELATED OMICS DATASETS IN: PXD014031

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE131650 | GEO | 2020/03/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Pervasive functional micropeptides in humans encoded by non-canonical open reading frames

Project description:Protein-coding regions of the genome continue to expand beyond canonical annotations and remain incompletely understood. Despite recent reports demonstrating important cellular functions played by micropeptides from unannotated open reading frames (ORFs), there exists no systematic method to fully uncover the prevalence of functional ORFs and their encoded peptides. Here, using ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry based proteomics, we reveal pervasive translation of ORFs previously annotated as non-coding, including those encoded on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA ORFs) and upstream regions of protein-coding messages (uORFs). Cross-validation of novel ORFs in six different cell lines via HLA peptidomics confirm their allotype-specific MHC receptor presentation and their engagement with the endogenous HLA processing machinery. We further developed systematic CRISPR-based screens to show that hundreds of these ORFs are essential for cellular growth and encode stable, functional peptides that play diverse roles in cells. By tagging with a split-GFP system, we show that many of the peptides have specific cellular localization patterns and form functional protein complexes. We uncovered uORFs encoding stable peptides that interact with the downstream protein encoded on the same mRNA, suggesting possible regulatory or feedback roles from the bicistronic message in addition to the previously assumed role of uORFs in translational repression. Our results uncover functional micropeptides encoded in the human genome with essential roles in diverse biological processes.

2020-03-06 | PXD014031 | Pride

Accurate annotation of human protein-coding small open reading frames

Project description:Protein-coding small open reading frames (smORFs) are emerging as an important class of genes, however, the coding capacity of smORFs in the human genome is unclear. By integrating de novo transcriptome assembly and Ribo-Seq, we confidently annotate thousands of novel translated smORFs in three human cell lines. We find that smORF translation prediction is noisier than for annotated coding sequences, underscoring the importance of analyzing multiple experiments and footprinting conditions. These smORFs are located within non-coding and antisense transcripts, the UTRs of mRNAs, and unannotated transcripts. Analysis of RNA levels and translation efficiency during cellular stress identifies regulated smORFs and provides an approach for identifying smORFs for further investigation. Sequence conservation and signatures of positive selection indicate that encoded microproteins are likely functional. Additionally, proteomics data from enriched human leukocyte antigen complexes validates the translation of hundreds of smORFs and positions them as a source of novel antigens. Thus, smORFs represent a significant number of important, yet unexplored human genes.

2019-07-03 | GSE125218 | GEO

Translation of upstream open reading frames in a model of neuronal differentiation

Project description:Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) initiate translation within mRNA 5’ leaders,and have the potential to altermain coding sequence(CDS) translationontranscripts in which they reside. Ribosome profiling(RP)studies suggest that translating ribosomes are pervasive within 5’ leadersacross model systems. However, the significance of this observationremains unclear. To explore a role for uORF usage in neuronal differentiation, we performed RP on undifferentiated and differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. Using a spectral coherence algorithm (SPECtre),we identify4,954uORFsacross31%of all neuroblastoma transcripts. These uORFspredominantly utilize non-AUG initiationcodonsand exhibit translational efficiencies(TE)comparable to annotated coding regions. Usage of both AUG initiated uORFs and aconservedandconsistently translated subset of non-AUG initiated uORFs correlateswith repressed CDS translation. Ribosomal protein transcripts are enriched in uORFs, and select uORFs on such transcripts were validated for expression. Withneuronal differentiation, we observedan overall positive correlation between translational shifts in uORF/CDSpairs. However,a subset of transcripts exhibit inverse shifts in translation of uORF/CDSpairs. TheseuORFsare enriched in AUG initiation sites, non-overlapping, and shorterin length. Cumulatively, CDSs downstream of uORFs characterized by persistent translation show smaller shifts in TE withneuronal differentiation relative to CDSs without a predicted uORF, suggesting that fluctuations in CDS translation are buffered by uORF translation. In sum, this work provides insights into the dynamic relationshipsand potential regulatory functionsof uORF/CDS pairs in a model of neuronal differentiation.

2018-09-07 | GSE119615 | GEO

Thousands of novel translated open reading frames in humans inferred by ribosome footprint profiling.

Project description:Accurate annotations of protein coding regions are essential for understanding how genetic information is translated into biological functions. The recent development of ribosome footprint profiling provides an important new tool for measuring translation. Here we describe riboHMM, a new method that uses ribosome footprint data along with gene expression and sequence information to accurately infer translated sequences. We applied our method to human lymphoblastoid cell lines and identified 7,863 previously unannotated coding sequences, including 445 translated sequences in pseudogenes and 2,442 translated upstream open reading frames. We observed an enrichment of harringtonine-treated ribosome footprints at the inferred initiation sites, validating many of the novel coding sequences. In aggregate, the novel sequences exhibit significant signatures of purifying selection indicative of protein-coding function, suggesting that many of the novel sequences are functional. We observed that nearly 40% of bicistronic transcripts showed significant negative correlation in the levels of translation of their two coding sequences, suggesting a key regulatory role for these novel translated sequences. Despite evidence for their functional importance, the novel peptide sequences were detected by mass spectrometry at a lower rate than predicted based on data from annotated proteins, thus suggesting that many of the novel peptide products may be relatively short-lived. Our work illustrates the value of ribosome profiling for improving coding annotations, and significantly expands the set of known coding regions.

2015-12-25 | GSE75290 | GEO

The Translation of Non-Canonical Open Reading Frames Controls Mucosal Immunity

Project description:We describe the identification of novel non-canonical ORFs in murine macrophages

2018-12-14 | GSE120762 | GEO

Discovery of Non-Canonical Peptides Derived from Novel Small Open Reading Frames as MHC-I Epitopes

Project description:Immunopeptides that are translated in cells and presented at the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole-cules are important epitopes in basic Immunology and translational cancer immunotherapy. While most of the reported immuno-peptides are derived from protein coding sequence, the non-canonical peptides translated from “non-coding” regions are emerging and have attracted much attention in recent years. However, sensitive and accurate identification of such peptides remains a challenging task. Here we report an optimized approach integrating Ribo-seq and mass spectrometry to identify hundreds of non-canonical MHC-binding peptides. Three pipelines for analyzing Ribo-seq data were compared to generate small open reading frame (sORF) databases. Meanwhile, we have also combined bottom-up and de novo searching in proteomics data analysis and identified more immunopeptides. 7902 canonical and 308 non-canonical immunopeptides have been identified with selected ones vigorously validated. The present study provides a handy solution for identifying non-canonical MHC epitopes. The novel im-munopeptides resolving mechanisms of cancer antigen presentation, as well as applications in cancer immunotherapies.

2021-11-03 | PXD024415 | Pride

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout screen uncovers novel open reading frames encoded in lncRNA regulating ER+ breast cancer progression

Project description:A large number of lncRNAs has been found aberrant expression in breast cancer and paly functional role in tumor progression. However, the role of small peptide hidden in lncRNA are largely unexplored. In this study, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9 screen and ribosome profiling to systematically discover nocanonical open reading frame encoded in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and explored their critical roles in ER+ breast cancer.

2023-03-18 | GSE196927 | GEO

Identification of small open reading frames-encoded peptides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different stress conditions

Project description:Here we used mass spectrometry-based proteomics technology to explore SEPs with potential cellular stress function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microproteins with unique peptides were identified under six culture conditions: normal, oxidation, starvation, UV radiation, heat shock, and heat shock with starvation.

2022-06-07 | PXD028623 | iProX

RNA G-quadruplexes mark repressive upstream open reading frames in human mRNAs

Project description:Translational control is a key determinant of protein abundance, which in turns defines the physiology and pathology of human cells. Initiation of translation is highly regulated in eukaryotes and is considered as the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis. mRNA secondary structures in 5’ untranslated region (UTR) and associated helicases have been characterised as key determinants of translation initiation. Nevertheless the transcriptome-wide contribution of non-canonical secondary structures, such as RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s), to the translation of human mRNAs remains largely unappreciated. Here we use a ribosome profiling strategy to investigate the translational landscape associated to rG4s-containing mRNAs and the contribution of two rG4s-specialised DExH-box helicases, DHX9 and DHX36, to translation initiation in human cells. We show that rG4-forming sequences in 5’-UTR is associated with decreased translation efficiency which correlate with an increased ribosome density within the 5’-UTRs. We found that rG4s contribute to the translation of upstream open reading frames, and as a consequence, thwart the translation of the associated protein coding sequences (CDS). Depletion of the DHX36 and DHX9 helicases demonstrated that the formation of the rG4 structural motif rather than its nucleotide sequence mediate translation initiation. Our findings unveil a role for non-canonical structures in defining alternative 5’ starts for human mRNAs translation initiation.

2018-04-30 | GSE105082 | GEO

MiPRISMA: Interactome profiling of small peptides and young microproteins translated from human short open reading frames

Project description:All species continuously evolve small open reading frames (sORFs) that can be templated for protein synthesis and may provide raw material for evolutionary adaptation. We analyzed the evolutionary origins of 7,264 recently cataloged human sORFs and found that most were evolutionary young and emerged de novo. We additionally discovered 221 yet uncataloged peptides smaller than 16 amino acids, for which we found evidence of translation in human and rodent tissues. To investigate the potential bioactivity of microproteins and peptides translated from young and very small ORFs we established MiPRISMA: a mass spectrometry-based interactome screen with sequence motif resolution. We assessed 266 candidates and implicated several in essential cellular processes including splicing, translational regulation, and endocytosis, a subset of which we validate in cellular assays. MiPRISMA provides a scalable platform to characterize small and evolutionarily young proteins, shedding light on a largely unexplored territory of the putative human proteome.

2023-02-17 | PXD036997 | Pride

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