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Project description:Senescence is a mechanism associated with aging that alters tissue regeneration by depleting the stem cell pool. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) displays hallmarks of senescence, including a diminished stem cell population. DNA damage from cigarette smoke (CS) induces senescence via the p16 pathway. This study evaluated the contribution of p16 to CS-associated lung pathologies. p16 expression was prominent in human COPD lungs compared with normal subjects. CS induces impaired pulmonary function, emphysema, and increased alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) senescence in wild-type mice, whereas CS-exposed p16-/- mice exhibit normal pulmonary function, reduced emphysema, diminished AECII senescence, and increased pro-growth IGF1 signaling, suggesting that improved lung function in p16-/- mice was due to increased alveolar progenitor cell proliferation. In conclusion, our study suggests that targeting senescence may facilitate alveolar regeneration in COPD emphysema by promoting IGF1 proliferative signaling.
| S-EPMC6689060 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Targeting p16-induced Senescence Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema by Promoting IGF1/Akt1 Signaling in mice
| PRJNA551293 | ENA
Project description:Alteration of innate immune cells in the lungs can promote loss of peripheral tolerance that leads to autoimmune responses in cigarette smokers. Development of autoimmunity in smokers with emphysema is also strongly linked to the expansion of autoreactive T helper (Th) cells expressing interferon gamma (Th1), and interleukin 17A (Th17). However, the mechanisms responsible for enhanced self-recognition and reduced immune tolerance in smoker with emphysema remain less clear. Here we show that C1q, a component of the complement protein 1 complex (C1), is downregulated in lung CD1a+ antigen presenting cells (APCs) isolated from emphysematous human, and mouse lung APCs after chronic cigarette smoke exposure. C1q potentiated the function of APCs to differentiate CD4+ T cells to Tregs, while it inhibited Th17 cell development and proliferation. Mice deficient in C1q that were exposed to chronic smoke exhibited exaggerated lung inflammation marked by increased Th17 cells, while reconstitution of C1q in the lungs enhanced Tregs abundance, dampened smoke-induced lung inflammation, and reversed established emphysema. Our findings demonstrate that cigarette smoke-mediated loss of C1q could play a key role in reduced peripheral tolerance, which could be explored to treat emphysema.
| S-EPMC6629245 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The development of emphysema in humans and mice exposed to cigarette smoke is promoted by activation of an adaptive immune response. Lung myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) derived from cigarette smokers activate autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells. mDC-dependent activation of T cell subsets requires expression of the SPP1 gene, which encodes osteopontin (OPN), a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in autoimmune responses. The upstream molecular events that promote SPP1 expression and activate mDCs in response to smoke remain unknown. Here, we show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG/Pparg) expression was downregulated in mDCs of smokers with emphysema and mice exposed to chronic smoke. Conditional knockout of PPARγ in APCs using Cd11c-Cre Pparg(flox/flox) mice led to spontaneous lung inflammation and emphysema that resembled the phenotype of smoke-exposed mice. The inflammatory phenotype of Cd11c-Cre Pparg(flox/flox) mice required OPN, suggesting an antiinflammatory mechanism in which PPARγ negatively regulates Spp1 expression in the lung. A 2-month treatment with a PPARγ agonist reversed emphysema in WT mice despite continual smoke exposure. Furthermore, endogenous PPARγ agonists were reduced in the plasma of smokers with emphysema. These findings reveal a proinflammatory pathway, in which reduced PPARγ activity promotes emphysema, and suggest that targeting this pathway in smokers could prevent and reverse emphysema.
| S-EPMC3934169 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Th1 inflammation and remodeling characterized by tissue destruction frequently coexist in human diseases. To further understand the mechanisms of these responses, we defined the role(s) of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced inflammation and remodeling in a murine emphysema model. IFN-gamma was a potent stimulator of the CCR5 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha/CCL-3 (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3), MIP-1beta/CCL-4, and RANTES/CCL-5, among others. Antibody neutralization or null mutation of CCR5 decreased IFN-gamma-induced inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and alveolar remodeling. These interventions decreased the expression of select chemokines, including CCR5 ligands and MMP-9, and increased levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. They also decreased the expression and/or activation of Fas, FasL, TNF, caspase-3, -8, and -9, Bid, and Bax. In accordance with these findings, cigarette smoke induced pulmonary inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and emphysema via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway(s), and a null mutation of CCR5 decreased these responses. These studies demonstrate that IFN-gamma is a potent stimulator of CC and CXC chemokines and highlight the importance of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced and cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, and emphysema. They also demonstrate that CCR5 is required for optimal IFN-gamma stimulation of its own ligands, other chemokines, MMPs, caspases, and cell death regulators and the inhibition of antiproteases.
| S-EPMC1280966 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RationaleMatrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 is an elastolytic endopeptidase produced by activated macrophages that may be involved in the development of human pulmonary emphysema and could be inhibited with existing compounds. Mouse models have demonstrated that excess MMP-9 production can result in permanent alveolar destruction.ObjectivesTo determine if MMP-9 causes cigarette smoke-induced emphysema using MMP-9 knockout mice and human samples.MethodsMouse lungs were analyzed for inflammation and airspace enlargement using a mainstream smoke-exposure model. Human macrophage mRNA was isolated from subjects with emphysema by laser capture microdissection. Human blood monocyte mRNA was isolated from subjects with greater than 30 pack-year smoking history. Human gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with emphysema severity determined by automated computed tomography analysis. Plasma Clara cell secretory protein and surfactant protein-D were quantified to measure ongoing lung injury.Measurements and main resultsMice deficient in MMP-9 develop the same degree of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and airspace enlargement as strain-matched controls. Macrophages are the predominant source of MMP-9 production in human emphysema specimens and similar quantities of macrophage MMP-9 mRNA is present in areas of lung with and without emphysema. Circulating monocytes produce more MMP-9 in individuals with advanced emphysema severity despite no correlation of MMP-9 with markers of ongoing lung damage.ConclusionsThese results suggest that MMP-9 in humans who smoke is similar to smoke-exposed mice, where MMP-9 is present in emphysematous lung but not correlated with the emphysema. To the degree that the mechanisms of emphysema in humans who smoke resemble the mouse model, these data suggest specific inhibition of MMP-9 is unlikely to be an effective therapy for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00757120).
| S-EPMC3086754 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Secretoglobin (SCGB) 3A2 is a bioactive molecule exhibiting various functions such as improving allergic airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis and promoting bronchial branching and proliferation during lung development. To determine if and how SCGB3A2 is involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a multifactorial disease with both airway and emphysematous lesions, a COPD mouse model was created by exposing Scgb3a2-deficient (KO), Scgb3a2-lung-specific overexpressing (TG), and wild type (WT) mice to cigarette smoke (CS) for 6 months. The KO mice showed loss of lung structure under control condition, and CS exposure resulted in more expansion of airspace and destruction of alveolar wall than WT mouse lungs. In contrast, TG mouse lungs showed no significant changes after CS exposure. SCGB3A2 increased the expression and phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3, and the expression of α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) in mouse lung fibroblast-derived MLg cells and mouse lung epithelial-derived MLE-15 cells. In MLg cells, A1AT expression was decreased in Stat3-knockdown cells, and increased upon Stat3 overexpression. STAT3 formed a homodimer when cells were stimulated with SCGB3A2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays demonstrated that STAT3 binds to specific binding sites on the Serpina1a gene encoding A1AT and upregulates its transcription in lung tissues of mice. Furthermore, nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT3 upon SCGB3A2 stimulation was detected by immunocytochemistry. These findings demonstrate that SCGB3A2 protects the lungs from the development of CS-induced emphysema by regulating A1AT expression through STAT3 signaling.
| S-EPMC10118454 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex pulmonary disorder primarily induced by cigarette smoking, and characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The mouse represents an important model for studying COPD pathologies such as lung emphysema. In this respect, a number of mechanistic studies have been performed, however the approaches were mostly focused on single gene analysis or characterization of cellular, inflammatory or histopathological changes without attempting a more comprehensive interpretation. In the present study we aimed at applying systems biology approach to identify genome-wide molecular mechanisms indicative of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung emphysema. The lung transcriptomes of five mouse models (C57BL/6, ApoE-/-, A/J, CD1, and Nrf2-/-), that are known to be susceptible to CS-induced emphysema development, were analyzed following prolonged (5-6 months) CS exposure. The investigation resulted in the confirmation of many existing mechanistic explanations underlying smoke-induced lung emphysema, including increased transcriptional activity of NF-?B, and increased levels of TNF-a, IFN-g, and IL-1b. More importantly, we predicted mechanisms without currently well-documented roles, including increased transcriptional activity of PU.1, STAT1, C/EBP, FOXM1, YY1 and N-cor, and increased IL-17 cytokine expression, and reduced protein expression of ITGB6 and CFTR. We also corroborated, by using targeted proteomic approaches, several predictions such as reduced expression of ITGB6 and increased expression of BRCA1, C/EBPs, PU.1, TNF-a, IL-1b or CSF2. We believe this study will provide more insights into better understanding of CS-induced molecular processes underlying emphysema development in mice that may eventually be relevant in humans.
2014-11-28 | E-MTAB-2756 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for which a major cause is cigarette smoking (CS). The underlying mechanisms and precise effects of CS on gut contractility, however, are not fully characterised. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether CS impacts GI function and structure in a mouse model of CS-induced COPD. We also aimed to investigate GI function in the presence of ebselen, an antioxidant that has shown beneficial effects on lung inflammation resulting from CS exposure. Mice were exposed to CS for 2 or 6 months. GI structure was analysed by histology and immunofluorescence. After 2 months of CS exposure, ex vivo gut motility was analysed using video-imaging techniques to examine changes in colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). CS decreased colon length in mice. Mice exposed to CS for 2 months had a higher frequency of CMMCs and a reduced resting colonic diameter but no change in enteric neuron numbers. Ten days cessation after 2 months CS reversed CMMC frequency changes but not the reduced colonic diameter phenotype. Ebselen treatment reversed the CS-induced reduction in colonic diameter. After 6 months CS, the number of myenteric nitric-oxide producing neurons was significantly reduced. This is the first evidence of colonic dysmotility in a mouse model of CS-induced COPD. Dysmotility after 2 months CS is not due to altered neuron numbers; however, prolonged CS-exposure significantly reduced enteric neuron numbers in mice. Further research is needed to assess potential therapeutic applications of ebselen in GI dysfunction in COPD.
| S-EPMC7676466 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RationaleCigarette smoke (CS) exposure is an important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, not all smokers develop disease, suggesting that other factors influence disease development.ObjectivesWe sought to determine whether neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), an integral component of receptor complexes mediating alveolar septation and vascular development, was involved in maintenance of normal alveolar structure, and/or altered susceptibility to the effects of CS.MethodsTransgenic mice were generated to achieve inducible lung-specific deletion of epithelial Nrp1. We determined whether conditional Nrp1 deletion altered airspace size, then compared the effects of chronic CS or filtered air exposure on airspace size, inflammation, and the balance between cell death and proliferation in conditionally Nrp1-deficient adult mice and littermate controls. Finally, we evaluated the effects of Nrp1 silencing on cell death after acute exposure of A549 cells to cigarette smoke extract or short chain ceramides.Measurements and main resultsGenetic deletion of epithelial Nrp1 in either postnatal or adult lungs resulted in a small increase in airspace size. More notably, both airspace enlargement and apoptosis of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells were significantly enhanced following chronic CS exposure in conditionally Nrp1-deficient adult mice. Silencing of Nrp1 in A549 cells did not alter cell survival after vehicle treatment but significantly augmented apoptosis after exposure to cigarette smoke extract or ceramide.ConclusionsThese data support a role for epithelial Nrp1 in the maintenance of normal alveolar structure and suggest that dysregulation of Nrp1 expression may promote epithelial cell death in response to CS exposure, thereby enhancing emphysema development.
| S-EPMC2742758 | biostudies-literature