Loss of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Drives Aberrant Heterochromatin Formation in Neurospora crassa
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Neurospora crassa
PROVIDER: GSE137018 | GEO | 2020/08/18
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Heterochromatin is a specialized form of chromatin that restricts access to DNA and inhibits genetic processes, including transcription and recombination. In Neurospora crassa, constitutive heterochromatin is characterized by trimethylation of lysine 9 on histone H3, hypoacetylation of histones, and DNA methylation. Here we explore whether the conserved histone demethylase, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), regulates heterochromatin in Neurospora, and if so, how. Though LSD1 is implicated in heterochromatin regulation, its function is inconsistent across different systems; orthologs of LSD1 have been shown to either promote or antagonize heterochromatin expansion by removing H3K4me or H3K9me respectively. We identify three members of the Neurospora LSD complex (LSDC): LSD1, PHF1, and BDP-1, and strains deficient for any exhibit variable spreading of heterochromatin and establishment of new heterochromatin domains dispersed across the genome. Heterochromatin establishment outside of canonical domains in Neurospora share the unusual characteristic of DNA methylation-dependent H3K9me3; typically, H3K9me3 establishment is independent of DNA methylation. Consistent with this, the hyper-H3K9me3 phenotype of LSD1 knock-out strains is dependent on the presence of DNA methylation, as well as HCHC-mediated histone deacetylation, suggesting spreading is dependent on some feedback mechanism. Altogether, our results suggest LSD1 works in opposition to HCHC to maintain proper heterochromatin boundaries.
2021-07-21 | PXD017300 | Pride
Project description:Both RNAi-dependent and -independent mechanisms have been implicated in the establishment of heterochromatin domains, which may be stabilized by feedback loops involving chromatin proteins and modifications of histones and DNA. Neurospora crassa sports features of heterochromatin found in higher eukaryotes, namely cytosine methylation (5mC), methylation of histone H3 lysine9 (H3K9me) and HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN-1 (HP1), and provides a model to investigate heterochromatin establishment and maintenance. We mapped the distribution of HP1, 5mC, H3K9me3 and H3K4me2 at 100bp-resolution and explored their interplay. HP1, H3K9me3 and DNA methylation were extensively colocalized and defined 44 heterochromatic domains on linkage group VII, all relics of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Interestingly, the centromere was found in a striking ~350kb heterochromatic domain with no detectable H3K4me2. 5mC was not found in genes, in contrast to the situation in plants and animals. H3K9me3 is required for HP1 localization and DNA methylation. Here, we show that localization of H3K9me3 is independent of 5mC or HP1 at virtually all heterochromatin regions. In addition, we observed complete restoration of DNA methylation patterns after depletion and reintroduction of the H3K9 methylation machinery, indicating that the signals for de novo heterochromatin formation lie upstream of H3K9 methylation. These data show that A:T rich RIPâd DNA efficently directs methylation of H3K9, which in turn, directs methylation of associated cytosines. Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies to 5mC, H3K9me3, epitope-tagged HP1, and H3K4me2 were performed. The immunoprecipitate fraction was labeled with Cy5 and the total input was labeled with Cy3. Samples were hybridized to a N. crassa LGVII tiling path microarray.
2010-05-15 | E-GEOD-12690 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Both RNAi-dependent and -independent mechanisms have been implicated in the establishment of heterochromatin domains, which may be stabilized by feedback loops involving chromatin proteins and modifications of histones and DNA. Neurospora crassa sports features of heterochromatin found in higher eukaryotes, namely cytosine methylation (5mC), methylation of histone H3 lysine9 (H3K9me) and HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN-1 (HP1), and provides a model to investigate heterochromatin establishment and maintenance. We mapped the distribution of HP1, 5mC, H3K9me3 and H3K4me2 at 100bp-resolution and explored their interplay. HP1, H3K9me3 and DNA methylation were extensively colocalized and defined 44 heterochromatic domains on linkage group VII, all relics of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Interestingly, the centromere was found in a striking ~350kb heterochromatic domain with no detectable H3K4me2. 5mC was not found in genes, in contrast to the situation in plants and animals. H3K9me3 is required for HP1 localization and DNA methylation. Here, we show that localization of H3K9me3 is independent of 5mC or HP1 at virtually all heterochromatin regions. In addition, we observed complete restoration of DNA methylation patterns after depletion and reintroduction of the H3K9 methylation machinery, indicating that the signals for de novo heterochromatin formation lie upstream of H3K9 methylation. These data show that A:T rich RIP’d DNA efficently directs methylation of H3K9, which in turn, directs methylation of associated cytosines.
2008-12-01 | GSE12690 | GEO
Project description:Methylated lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me) marks repressed "facultative heterochromatin", including developmentally regulated genes in plants and animals. The mechanisms responsible for localization of H3K27me are largely unknown, perhaps in part because of the complexity of epigenetic regulatory networks. We used a relatively simple model organism bearing both facultative and constitutive heterochromatin, Neurospora crassa, to explore possible interactions between elements of heterochromatin. In higher eukaryotes, reductions of H3K9me3 and DNA methylation in constitutive heterochromatin have been variously reported to cause redistribution of H3K27me3. In Neurospora, we found that elimination of any member of the DCDC H3K9 methylation complex (DIM-5, DIM-7, CUL4, DDB1/DIM-8 or DIM-9) caused massive changes in the distribution of H3K27me; regions of facultative heterochromatin lost H3K27me3 while regions that are normally marked by H3K9me3 became methylated at H3K27. Elimination of DNA methylation by deletion of the DNA methyltransferase gene, dim-2, had no obvious effect on the distribution of H3K27me. Elimination of HP1, which "reads" H3K9me3, also caused major changes in the distribution of H3K27me, indicating that HP1 is important for normal localization of facultative heterochromatin. Because loss of HP1 caused redistribution of H3K27me2/3 but not H3K9me3, these normally non-overlapping marks became superimposed. Indeed, mass spectrometry revealed substantial cohabitation of H3K9me3 and H3K27me2 on H3 molecules from an hpo strain. Loss of H3K27me machinery (e.g. the methyltransferase SET-7) did not impact constitutive heterochromatin, but partially rescued the slow growth of the DCDC mutants, suggesting that the poor growth of these mutants is partly attributable to ectopic H3K27me. Altogether, our findings with Neurospora clarify interactions of facultative and constitutive heterochromatin in eukaryotes.
2015-11-03 | GSE68897 | GEO
Project description:Crucial mechanisms are required to restrict self-propagating heterochromatin spreading within defined boundaries and prevent euchromatic gene silencing. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the JmjC domain protein DNA METHYLATION MODULATOR-1 (DMM-1) prevents aberrant spreading of heterochromatin, but the molecular details remain unknown. Here, we revealed that DMM-1 is highly enriched in a well-defined 5-kb heterochromatin domain and constrained its aberrant spreading. Interestingly, aberrant spreading of the 5-kb heterochromatin domain observed in the dmm-1KO strain is accompanied by the sharp deposition of histone variant H2A.Z, and deletion of H2A.Z abolishes aberrant spreading of the 5-kb heterochromatin domain into adjacent euchromatin. Furthermore, lysine 56 of histone H3 is deacetylated at the expanded heterochromatin regions, and mimicking H3K56 acetylation with an H3K56Q mutation effectively blocks H2A.Z-mediated aberrant spreading of the 5-kb heterochromatin domain. More importantly, genome-wide analyses demonstrated the general roles of H3K56 deacetylation and H2A.Z deposition in aberrant spreading of heterochromatin. Altogether, our results illustrate a previously unappreciated regulatory process that mediates aberrant heterochromatin spreading.
2022-01-25 | GSE193075 | GEO
Project description:Facultative heterochromatin in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is identified by the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 and is primarily subtelomeric, while constitutive heterochromatin, marked by the DIM-5-catalzyed H3K9me3, is found at centromeres, telomeres, and smaller dispersed regions. In strains lacking constitutive heterochromatin (e.g., Δdim-5), H3K27me2/3 relocalizes to the regions formerly marked by H3K9me3. H3K27me3 is catalyzed by the SET-7 histone methyltransferase subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2); another PRC2 member, Neurospora p55 (NPF) regulates subtelomeric H3K27me2/3. Despite the de-repression of >70 genes, a Δset-7 strain has no distinguishable phenotype. To investigate the facultative heterochromatin contribution to genome organization, we performed high-throughput “chromosome conformation capture” (Hi-C) on mutants with impacted H3K27me2/3 deposition. A Δset-7 strain has decreased inter-/intra-subtelomeric contacts among others; this pattern is mirrored in a Δnpf strain, which lacks subtelomeric H3K27me3. In a Δset-7 strain, telomere bundles were often uncoupled from the nuclear membrane and de-repressed genes were subtelomeric. The chromosome conformation of a Δset-7;Δdim-5 double mutant was similar to Δset-7, suggesting that facultative heterochromatin relocalization does not compensate for H3K9me3 loss and rescue the Neurospora genome organization in strains with defective constitutive heterochromatin.
2016-10-27 | GSE82222 | GEO
Project description:We report the placement of the H3K9me3 heterochromatin mark from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa in wild type and dim-3 strains. The dim-3 strain has a global reduction in H3K9me3, which results from a causative mutation in importin alpha (NUP-6), a component of the nuclear transport machinery. NUP-6(dim-3) compromises the heterochromatic localization of several components of the DCDC, a histone H3K9 methyltransferase complex, from their sub-nuclear chromatin targets despite appropriate nuclear transport. To determine whether the reduced level of global H3K9me3 observed from isolated histones localizes to A:T rich DNA (genomic DNA destined to become heterochromatin), we performed H3K9me3 ChIP-seq on a dim-3 strain and compared that to a wild type strain.
2015-03-22 | GSE61173 | GEO
Project description:Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are part of an epigenetic cell memory system that plays essential roles in multicellular development, stem cell biology, X-chromosome inactivation, and cancer. In animals, plants, and many fungi, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to assemble transcriptionally repressed facultative heterochromatin. PRC2 is structurally and functionally conserved in the model fungus Neurospora crassa, and recent work in this organism has generated insights into PRC2 control and function. To identify new components of the facultative heterochromatin pathway, we performed a targeted screen of Neurospora deletion strains lacking individual ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. We found the Neurospora homolog of IMITATION SWITCH (ISW) is critical for normal transcriptional repression, nucleosome organization, and establishment of typical histone methylation patterns in facultative heterochromatin domains. We also found that stable interaction between PRC2 and chromatin depends on ISW. A functional ISW ATPase domain is required for gene repression and H3K27 methylation. ISW homologs interact with accessory proteins to form multiple complexes with distinct functions. Using proteomics and molecular approaches, we identified three distinct Neurospora ISW-containing complexes. A triple mutant lacking three ISW-accessory factors and disrupting multiple ISW complexes led to widespread upregulation of PRC2 target genes and altered H3K27 methylation patterns, similar to an ISW-deficient strain. Taken together, our data show that ISW is a key component of the facultative heterochromatin pathway in Neurospora and that distinct ISW complexes perform an apparently overlapping role to regulate chromatin structure and gene repression at PRC2 target domains.
2021-01-05 | GSE150758 | GEO
Project description:Eukaryotic genomes are organized into chromatin domains with distinct three-dimensional arrangements resulting from nucleic acid and protein factor interactions within the physical constraints of the nucleus. It is of obvious interest to determine interactions between various chromosomal regions defined by these nuclear constraints, and to identify important factors that limit the interactions. We used chromosome conformation capture (3C) followed by high-throughput sequencing (HiC) to improve our understanding of Neurospora crassa genome organization and to examine if known components of heterochromatin machinery influence nuclear organization. In heterochromatin establishment, DIM-5 tri-methylates histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me3), and this mark is subsequently bound by Heterochromatin Protein-1 (HP1). NUP-6 is required to target DIM-5 to incipient A:T rich DNA and the dim-3 mutant of NUP-6 is deficient in DIM-5 localization. We performed HiC on chromatin from wildtype, Δdim-5, Δhpo, and dim-3 strains. The genome configuration of wild type nuclei revealed strong intra- and inter-chromosomal associations between both constitutive and facultative heterochromatic domains, with the strongest interactions among the centromeres, telomeres and interspersed heterochromatin. We found that loss of the H3K9me3 mark, as well as loss of HP1, minimally altered the chromatin organization found at these strongly interacting heterochromatic regions. Surprisingly, dim-3 chromatin was highly disorganized suggesting NUP-6 plays key role(s) in genome structure. Thus, our datasets suggest that while heterochromatic regions are critical to defining the genome conformation in Neurospora, non-canonical protein factors may play a key role in maintaining this organization.
2016-05-19 | GSE71024 | GEO
Project description:The mechanisms that recruit the major Polycomb-group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that have determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that in methylation deficient ES cells CpG density, combined with antagonistic effects of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3, redirect PcG complexes to pericentric heterochromatin and gene rich domains. In this experiment we have assayed the genomic distribution of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 marks,
2014-05-23 | E-MTAB-2481 | biostudies-arrayexpress