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SETD5-coordinated chromatin reprogramming regulates adaptive resistance to targeted pancreatic cancer therapy

ABSTRACT: Oncogenic KRAS signaling is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a lethal malignancy with few treatment options. A major roadblock in deploying therapies targeting the KRAS-MAPK pathway is the rapid emergence of resistant cancer cells. However, molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive targeted therapy resistance in PDAC are poorly understood. Here we find SETD5 (SET domain containing 5) as a major epigenetic driver of PDAC resistance to MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi). SETD5 is identified in a genetic screen of annotated methyltransferases that mediate MEKi toxicity in PDAC cells. SETD5 expression is induced upon PDAC cells and tumors acquring MEKi-resistance and SETD5 deletion restores vulnerability of refractory PDAC to MEKi therapy in mouse models and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). SETD5 lacks intrinsic histone methyltransferase activity and rather scaffolds a distinct corepressor complex that regulates HDAC3 and G9a catalytic behaviors to couple selective deacetylation with methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9). Gene silencing by the SETD5 complex regulates a network of known drug resistance pathways to reprogram cellular responses to MEKi, a resistance program disrupted by G9a and HDAC3 blockade. Combinatorial pharmacological targeting of MEK1/2, G9a, and HDAC3 results in sustained tumor growth inhibition in murine and human models of PDAC. Together, our work uncovers SETD5 as a master epigenetic regulator of acquired MAPK-pathway therapy resistance and suggests an efficacious clinical path for MEKi in PDAC.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE142046 | GEO | 2020/05/06

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Transcriptome analysis was used to identify gene expression changes during development of sunitinib resistance in a renal cell carcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. During the response phase, tumors exhibited a 91% reduction in volume, characterized by induction of TNFRSF1A, TNFAIP3, NFKB2, CCL2, CCL20, BIRC3, and MOAP1. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicated decreased expression of cell survival genes during tumor response to sunitinib. In this model, after 4 weeks of treatment, tumors developed resistance despite continued administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib (40 mg/kg/d p.o.). Resistance was associated with increased expression of VEGFA, EPO, IL-8, ANGPT2, TNFRSF12, MAPK3/7, MAPKBP1, and increased cell survival genes, suggesting activation of angiogenesis and MAPK/ERK pathways. Tumor lysate mRNA evaluated for murine gene expression to examine the contribution of host effects, indicated that tumor response was associated with downregulation of immune cell trafficking, cellular movement, and inflammatory response genes. During tumor escape, genes associated with cellular movement, inflammatory response, and immune cell trafficking were strongly induced, along with intratumoral accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), indicating a role for host factors during emergence of sunitinib resistance. The same PDX model was used to assess anti-tumor efficacy of sunitinib combined with MEK inhibitor (MEKi) PD-0325901 (4 mg/kg/d p.o.) using different schedules. The most effective treatment regimen was either continuous treatment with both drugs or switching from sunitinib to PD-0325901 monotherapy at d30, which reduced tumor volume by 78.6% (p=0.0241) and 88.5% (p=0.0068), respectively. The combination of MEKi with TKI (sunitinib, axitinib, or pazopanib) suppressed levels of phospho-MEK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2, and decreased intratumoral MDSC. Thus, continuous treatment with sunitinib alone did not maintain tumor response, and addition of a MEKi abrogated resistance leading to prolonged survival. Study was comprised of three experimental groups (pre-treatment, response, escape). All tumors came from the same PDX model. There were four biological replicates in each group. Four mice were used, with each of the 3 groups per mouse. There were no control or reference samples.

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SETD5-coordinated chromatin reprogramming regulates adaptive resistance to targeted pancreatic cancer therapy

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