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Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages(BMDMs) transcriptome analysis of control, LPS and LPS plus BHB group

ABSTRACT: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the BMDMs transcriptome in the control LPS and LPS plus BHB group in order to identify the critical pathway that contributed to the inhibiton of BHB on M1 polarization. Methods: 1× 106 BMDMs were pre-treated with PBS or BHB for 1 hours before LPS administration. Four hours later, BMDMs were harvested for RNA preparation. Results: Among 16650 mapped genes, 7325 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 244 LPS inducible BHB down regulated named class A and 537 LPS repressed BHB up regulated genes named class B. The genes in class A were mainly TLR4 and TNF signaling pathway, while genes in class B were associated with negative regulation of transcription and NF-KB signaling. The GSEA showed that BHB have the similar profiles chnage on BMDMs with TSA. Conclusions: Our study revealed that BHB down regulated TLR4 and NF-KB pathway related genes to inhibited M1 polarization, and BHB have a similar effect on BMDMs with TSA through comparing the genetic changes of two substance caused in cells.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE152241 | GEO | 2022/04/06

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body synthesized during fasting or strenuous exercise. Our previous study demonstrated that a cyclic ketogenic diet (KD), which induces BHB levels similar to fasting every other week, reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice. BHB actively regulates gene expression and inflammatory activation through non-energetic signaling pathways. Neither of these activities has been well-characterized in the brain and they may represent mechanisms by which BHB affects brain function during aging. First, we analyzed hepatic gene expression in an aging KD-treated mouse cohort using bulk RNA-seq. In addition to the downregulation of TOR pathway activity, cyclic KD reduces inflammatory gene expression in the liver. We observed via flow cytometry that KD also modulates age-related systemic T cell functions. Next, we investigated whether BHB affects brain cells transcriptionallyin vitro. Gene expression analysis in primary human brain cells (microglia, astrocytes, neurons) using RNA-seq shows that BHB causes a mild level of inflammation in all three cell types. However, BHB inhibits the more pronounced LPS-induced inflammatory gene activation in microglia. Furthermore, we confirmed that BHB similarly reduces LPS-induced inflammation in primary mouse microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BHB is recognized as an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), an inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, and an agonist of the GPCR Hcar2. Nevertheless, in microglia, BHB's anti-inflammatory effects are independent of these known mechanisms. Finally, we examined the brain gene expression of 12-month-old male mice fed with one-week and one-year cyclic KD. While a one-week KD increases inflammatory signaling, a one-year cyclic KD reduces neuroinflammation induced by aging. In summary, our findings demonstrate that BHB mitigates the microglial response to inflammatory stimuli, like LPS, possibly leading to decreased chronic inflammation in the brain after long-term KD treatment in aging mice.

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Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages(BMDMs) transcriptome analysis of control, LPS and LPS plus BHB group

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