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IPSC-derived 2D and 3D models of mitochondrial disease reveal early defects in neuronal morphogenesis and identify intervention strategies

ABSTRACT: Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the human neuronal pathology associated with impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is hampered by a lack of effective model systems. Using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and CRISPR/Cas9 engineering, we developed a human model of Leigh syndrome (LS) caused by mutations in the gene SURF1, which is the most frequent and severe manifestation of mitochondrial disease in children. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and multi-omics analysis revealed compromised neuronal differentiation and morphogenesis of two-dimensional (2D) neuronal cultures and of three-dimensional (3D) cerebral organoids. The phenotypes emerged at the level of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Mutant NPCs could not shift to OXPHOS and retained a glycolytic proliferative state that failed to support neuronal morphogenesis. Improving NPC bioenergetics by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis via bezafibrate treatment restored early morphogenesis. SURF1 gene augmentation also counteracted the phenotypes, while exposure to hypoxia did not lead to amelioration. Our findings provide mechanistic insights and suggest therapeutic avenues for mitochondrial disease, a rare disease with major unmet medical need.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE152915 | GEO | 2021/01/29

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Defective metabolic programming impairs early neuronal morphogenesis in neural cultures and an organoid model of Leigh syndrome

Project description:Leigh syndrome (LS) is a severe manifestation of mitochondrial disease in children and is currently incurable. The lack of effective models hampers our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neuronal pathology of LS. Using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and CRISPR/Cas9 engineering, we developed a human model of LS due to mutations in the complex IV assembly gene SURF1. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and multi-omics analysis revealed compromised neuronal morphogenesis in mutant neural cultures and brain organoids. The defects emerged at the level of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which retained a glycolytic proliferative state that failed to instruct neuronal morphogenesis. LS NPCs carrying mutations in the complex I gene NDUFS4 recapitulated morphogenesis defects. Interventions supporting the metabolic programming of NPCs restored neuronal morphogenesis, including SURF1 gene augmentation and PGC1A induction via bezafibrate treatment. Our findings provide mechanistic insights and suggest interventional strategies for a rare mitochondrial disease with major unmet medical needs.

2021-01-29 | PXD019112 | Pride

Defective metabolic programming impairs early neuronal morphogenesis in neural cultures and an organoid model of Leigh syndrome [rRNA-depleted RNA-seq]

Project description:Mutations in the mitochondrial complex IV assembly factor SURF1 represent a major cause of Leigh syndrome (LS), a fatal neurological disorder. SURF1-deficient animals failed to recapitulate the neuronal failure of LS, which is considered an early-onset neurodegeneration. Using patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genetically corrected cells, we discovered aberrant bioenergetics initiating in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to impaired neuronal differentiation and maturation. iPSC-derived cerebral organoids recapitulated the neurogenesis defects and appeared smaller with reduced cortical thickness. We suggest defective neurogenesis as a central mechanism in LS pathogenesis and propose NPC function as an interventional target, which allowed us to identify SURF1 gene augmentation as a strategy for restoring neural function in this fatal disease.

2021-01-29 | GSE126359 | GEO

Defective metabolic programming impairs early neuronal morphogenesis in neural cultures and an organoid model of Leigh syndrome [polyA RNA-seq]

2021-01-29 | GSE126358 | GEO

Defective metabolic programming impairs early neuronal morphogenesis in neural cultures and an organoid model of Leigh syndrome [rRNA-depleted organoids]

2021-01-29 | GSE134453 | GEO

Genetic Correction and Metabolic Rescue of Pluripotent Cells from Patients with mtDNA

Project description:Mitochondria are vital due to their principal role in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)1. Mitochondria carry their own genome (mtDNA) encoding critical genes involved in OXPHOS, therefore, mtDNA mutations cause fatal or severely debilitating disorders with limited treatment options. 2. Clinical manifestations of mtDNA disease vary based on mutation type and heteroplasmy levels i.e. presence of mutant and normal mtDNA within each cell. 3,4. We evaluated therapeutic concepts of generating genetically corrected pluripotent stem cells for patients with mtDNA mutations. We initially generated multiple iPS cell lines from a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) caused by a heteroplasmic 3243A>G mutation and a patient with Leigh disease carrying a homoplasmic 8993T>G mutation (Leigh-iPS). Due to spontaneous mtDNA segregation in proliferating fibroblasts, isogenic MELAS iPS cell lines were recovered containing exclusively wild type (wt) mtDNA with normal metabolic function. As expected, all iPS cells from the patient with Leigh disease were affected. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT; Leigh-NT1), we then simultaneously replaced mutated mtDNA and generated pluripotent stem cells from the Leigh patient fibroblasts. In addition to reversing to a normal 8993G>T, oocyte derived donor mtDNA (human haplotype D4a) in Leigh-NT1 differed from the original haplotype (F1a) at a additional 47 nucleotide sites. Leigh-NT1 cells displayed normal metabolic function compared to impaired oxygen consumption and ATP production in Leigh-iPS cells or parental fibroblasts (Leigh-fib). We conclude that natural segregation of heteroplasmic mtDNA allows the generation of iPS cells with exclusively wild type mtDNA. Moreover, SCNT offers mitochondrial gene replacement strategy for patients with homoplasmic mtDNA disease.

2015-07-16 | GSE61390 | GEO

Leigh Syndrome in Drosophila melanogaster: morphological and biochemical characterization of Surf1 post-transcriptional silencing.

Project description:Leigh Syndrome (LS) is the most common early-onset, progressive mitochondrial encephalopathy usually leading to early death. The single most prevalent cause of LS is occurrence of mutations in the hSurf1 gene. LSSurf1 patients show a marked and specific decrease in the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX). hSurf1 encodes an inner membrane mitochondrial protein involved in COX assembly. We established a D. melanogaster model of LS based on the post-transcriptional silencing of CG9943, the Drosophila homolog of hSurf1. Knock down of Surf1 was induced (i) ubiquitously, which led to larval lethality; (ii) in the mesodermal derivatives, which led to pupal lethality; (iii) in the central nervous system, which allowed survival; and (iv) at specific developmental stages. A biochemical characterization was carried out in knock down individuals, which unexpectedly revealed defects in all complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) included the F-ATP synthase (complex V) in larvae, and a COX-specific impairment in adults. Silencing of Surf1 expression in Drosophila S2R+ cells led to loss of COX activity associated with decreased oxygen consumption. We conclude that Surf1 is essential for COX activity and mitochondrial function in D. melanogaster, and provide a new tool to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of LS.

2014-11-04 | GSE58301 | GEO

The human mitochondrial translatome promotes mitonuclear balance

Project description:Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes consist of nuclear- and mitochondrial- encoded subunits, forcing cross-compartment synchronization of gene expression to achieve mitonuclear balance. To characterize how human cells coordinate OXPHOS gene expression, we establish a mitoribosome profiling approach that resolves features of the mitochondrial translatome, including the synthesis of a four amino acid mitopeptide. Strikingly, average mitochondrial and cytoplasmic synthesis rates correspond precisely across OXPHOS complexes. Coordinated mitochondrial and cytosolic synthesis does not require rapid feedback between the two translation systems. By contrast, we find that the Leigh syndrome gene, LRPPRC, maintains correlated mitochondrial and cytosolic translatomes. Our results lead to a model of human mitonuclear balance that requires tightly balanced cross-compartment protein synthesis, representing a vulnerability for cellular proteostasis.

2021-05-30 | GSE173283 | GEO

OXPHOS complex I deficiency leads to transcriptional changes of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and selenoproteins.

Project description:Defective complex I (CI) is the most common type of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disease in patients, with an incidence of 1 in 5,000 live births. Complex I deficiency can present in infancy or early adulthood and shows a wide variety of clinical manifestations, including Leigh syndrome, (cardio)myopathy, hypotonia, stroke, ataxia and lactic acidosis. A number of critical processes and factors, like superoxide production, calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial morphology, are known to be involved in clinical CI deficiency, but not all factors are yet known and a complete picture is lacking. Therefore, whole genome gene expression profiling was performed in fibroblasts of CI deficient patients and controls, comparing glycolytic and oxidative conditions. Linear regression and pathway analysis identified a number of key adaptive processes. Fibroblasts were derived from skin biopsies of five patients homozygous or compound heterozygous for nuclear complex I mutations and five controls. The groups were matched for age and sex.

2011-11-01 | E-GEOD-27041 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Loss of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation Protein Short Chain Enoyl-CoA Hydratase Disrupts Oxidative Phosphorylation Protein Complex Stability and Function

Project description:Short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 (ECHS1) is involved in the second step of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), catalysing the hydration of short chain enoyl-CoA esters to short chain 3-hyroxyl-CoA esters. Genetic deficiency in ECHS1 (ECHS1D) is associated with a specific subset of Leigh Syndrome, a disease typically caused by defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here, we examined the molecular pathogenesis of ECHS1D using a CRISPR/Cas9 edited human cell ‘knockout’ model and fibroblasts from ECHS1D patients. Transcriptome analysis of ECHS1 ‘knockout’ cells showed reductions in key mitochondrial pathways, including the TCA cycle, receptor mediated mitophagy and nucleotide biosynthesis. Subsequent proteomic analyses confirmed these reductions and revealed additional defects in mitochondrial oxidoreductase activity and fatty acid β-oxidation. Functional analysis of ECHS1 ‘knockout’ cells showed reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates when metabolising glucose or OXPHOS complex I-linked substrates, as well as decreased complex I and complex IV enzyme activities. ECHS1 ‘knockout’ cells also exhibited decreased OXPHOS protein complex steady-state levels (complex I, complex III2, complex IV, complex V and supercomplexes CIII2/CIV and CI/CIII2/CIV). Patient fibroblasts exhibit varied reduction of mature OXPHOS complex steady-state levels, with defects detected in CIII2, CIV, CV and the CI/CIII2/CIV supercomplex. Overall, these findings highlight the contribution of defective OXPHOS function, in particular complex I deficiency, to the molecular pathogenesis of ECHS1D.

2022-04-10 | GSE200252 | GEO

ATAD3A has a scaffolding role regulating mitochondria inner membrane structure and protein assembly

Project description:<p>The ATPase Family AAA Domain Containing 3A (ATAD3A), is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein conserved in metazoans. ATAD3A has been associated with several mitochondrial functions, including nucleoid organization, cholesterol metabolism, and mitochondrial translation. To address its primary role, we generated a neuronal-specific conditional knockout (Atad3 nKO) mouse model, which developed a severe encephalopathy by 5 months of age. Pre-symptomatic mice showed aberrant mitochondrial cristae morphogenesis in the cortex as early as 2 months. Using a multi-omics approach in the CNS of 2-to-3-month-old mice, we found early alterations in the organelle membrane structure. We also show that human ATAD3A associates with different components of the inner membrane, including OXPHOS complex I, Letm1, and prohibitin complexes. Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) shows that ATAD3A is regularly distributed along the inner mitochondrial membrane, suggesting a critical structural role in inner mitochondrial membrane and its organization, most likely in an ATPase-dependent manner.</p>

2022-01-14 | MTBLS3786 | MetaboLights

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