CD4+ T cells contribute to neurodgeneration in Lewy Body dementia
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE161192 | GEO | 2021/09/14
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Recent studies indicate that the adaptive immune system plays a role in Lewy body dementia (LBD). However, the mechanism regulating T cell brain homing in LBD is unknown. Here, we observed T cells adjacent to Lewy bodies and dopaminergic neurons in post-mortem LBD brains. Single-cell RNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified upregulated expression of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) in CD4+ T cells in LBD. CSF protein levels of the CXCR4 ligand, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) were associated with neuroaxonal damage in LBD. Furthermore, we observed clonal expansion and upregulated Interleukin 17A expression by CD4+ T cells stimulated with a phosphorylated α-synuclein epitope. Thus, CXCR4-CXCL12 signaling may represent a mechanistic target for inhibiting pathological interleukin-17-producing T cell trafficking in LBD.
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Project description:Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) are the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Lewy body disorders (LBD) – collectively Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Despite this genetic association, it remains unclear how GBA mutation contributes to the susceptibility of developing LBD. We investigated relationships between LBD-specific glucocerebrosidase deficits, GBA-related pathways, and α-synuclein levels in post-mortem brain tissue from LBD and controls with and without GBA mutations. Our study shows that LBD brains, regardless of GBA mutations, are characterised by altered sphingolipid metabolism, with prominent changes in ceramide species. Since extracellular vesicles (EV) could be involved in LBD pathogenesis by spreading disease linked lipids and proteins, we investigated EV derived from post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue from GBA mutation carriers and non-carriers. EV purified from LBD post-mortem CSF and frontal cortex are heavily loaded with ceramides and neurodegeneration-linked proteins including alpha-synuclein and amyloid precursor protein. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that LBD EV constitute a “pathological package” capable of inducing aggregation of wild type alpha-synuclein, potentially through a combination of alpha-synuclein-ceramide interaction and the presence of pathological forms of alpha-synuclein. Together our findings indicate that abnormalities in ceramide metabolism are a feature of LBD, constituting a promising source of biomarkers. GBA mutation likely accelerates the pathological process occurring in sporadic LBD, probably through endolysosomal deficiency, but does not induce alpha-synucleinopathy since healthy normal GBA mutation carriers without alpha-synuclein pathology occur.
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Project description:Neutrophil homeostasis is maintained, in part, by the regulated release of neutrophils from the bone marrow. Constitutive expression of the chemokine CXCL12 by bone marrow stromal cells provides a key retention signal for neutrophils in the bone marrow through activation of its receptor CXCR4. Herein, we show that the ELR chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 are constitutively expressed by bone marrow endothelial cells and osteoblasts, and CXCL2 expression is induced in endothelial cells during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced neutrophil mobilization. Neutrophils lacking CXCR2, the receptor for CXCL1 and CXCL2, are preferentially retained in the bone marrow, reproducing a myelokathexis phenotype. Transient disruption of CXCR4 failed to mobilize CXCR2 neutrophils. However, doubly deficient neutrophils (CXCR2-/- CXCR4-/-) displayed constitutive mobilization, showing that CXCR4 plays a dominant role. Collectively, these data suggest that CXCR2 signaling is a second chemokine axis that interacts antagonistically with CXCR4 to regulate neutrophil release from the bone marrow. We used gene expression microarrays to determine the changes in osteoblasts and bone marrow endothelial cells after G-CSF treatment. 3 untreated and G-CSF-treated osteoblast samples and 4 untreated and G-CSF-treated endothelial samples.
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Project description:In the past three years the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in tumour promotion and progression has been intensively studied. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 are commonly expressed in malignant cells from primary tumours, metastases and also in malignant cell lines. To investigate the biological significance of this receptor/ligand pair, we knocked-down CXCR4 expression in ovarian cancer cell line IGROV-1 using shRNA, and established stable cell lines. Using Affymetrix microarrays we compared in vitro gene expression in parental IGROV-1 and IGROV-Mock cells with two clones of IGROV-shCXCR4 cells. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of those genes which were altered by RNA interference of CXCR4 revealed evidence for a cell autonomous signaling network involving CXCR4, TNF-a, IL6 and Notch pathways in ovarian cancer cells. Experiment Overall Design: The Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133Plus 2.0 arrays were used to define gene expression profiles in each cell line.
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Project description:Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 regulate white blood cell trafficking, and are engaged by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 during infection. We combine directed evolution of CXCR4 and CCR5 libraries comprising nearly all ~7,000 single amino acid substitutions with deep sequencing to define sequence-fitness landscapes for surface expression and ligand interactions. Functional interaction sites are mapped based on conservation; for example, extracellular residues are conserved for binding HIV-1-blocking antibodies, as expected. Chemokine CXCL12 interacts with residues extending asymmetrically into the CXCR4 ligand-binding cavity, and distal mutations within allosteric and G protein coupling sites are identified that enhance chemokine binding. CCR5 residues conserved for gp120 interactions partially overlap with the chemokine-binding site, and gp120 binding is increased by acidic substitutions in the CCR5 N-terminus and extracellular loops. Furthermore, general features are apparent from sequence patterns, including membrane regions that are intolerant to polar mutations, and deleterious cysteine substitutions within extracellular loops.
2018-04-23 | GSE100368 | GEO
Project description:Neutrophil homeostasis is maintained, in part, by the regulated release of neutrophils from the bone marrow. Constitutive expression of the chemokine CXCL12 by bone marrow stromal cells provides a key retention signal for neutrophils in the bone marrow through activation of its receptor CXCR4. Herein, we show that the ELR chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 are constitutively expressed by bone marrow endothelial cells and osteoblasts, and CXCL2 expression is induced in endothelial cells during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced neutrophil mobilization. Neutrophils lacking CXCR2, the receptor for CXCL1 and CXCL2, are preferentially retained in the bone marrow, reproducing a myelokathexis phenotype. Transient disruption of CXCR4 failed to mobilize CXCR2 neutrophils. However, doubly deficient neutrophils (CXCR2-/- CXCR4-/-) displayed constitutive mobilization, showing that CXCR4 plays a dominant role. Collectively, these data suggest that CXCR2 signaling is a second chemokine axis that interacts antagonistically with CXCR4 to regulate neutrophil release from the bone marrow. We used gene expression microarrays to determine the changes in osteoblasts and bone marrow endothelial cells after G-CSF treatment.
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Project description:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) are two different forms of dementia but their pathology may involve the same cortical areas with overlapping cognitive manifestation. Dementia cases within the same family share a common genetic background. Nonetheless, the clinical phenotype may be different due to the different underlying molecular processes that come-up apart from genetics, causing diverse neurodegeneration. Through neuropathological, genetic and transcriptomic comparison of four different brain areas (substantia nigra, hippocampus, parietal lobe and basal ganglia), we defined commonalities and differences in the pathological processes of dementia in two kindred cases, a mother and a son, who developed a classical AD and an aggressive form of AD/LBD respectively. Genetic analysis did not reveal any pathogenic variants in the principal AD/LBD-causative genes. RNA sequencing highlighted high transcriptional dysregulation within the substantia nigra in LBD pathology, while AD underwent lower degree of transcriptional dysregulation, with the parietal lobe being the most involved brain area. Conversely, hippocampus (the most degenerated area) and basal ganglia (lacking specific lesions) expressed the lowest level of dysregulation. Our data suggest that there is a link between the transcriptional dysregulation and the amount of tissue damage accumulated across time, assessed through neuropathology. Moreover, we highlight that the molecular bases of AD and LBD follow very different pathways, which underlie their neuropathological signatures. Indeed, the transcriptome profiling through RNA sequencing may be an important tool in flanking the neuropathological analysis for a deeper understanding of AD and LBD pathogenesis.
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