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PPARδ inhibition blocks tumor-induced Bregs and enhances CD40 agonist immunotherapy

ABSTRACT: Most cancers are cold tumors characterized by a lack of effector T cells and hence unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockades, highlighting the importance of repairing the failed T cell priming in cancer immunotherapy. CD40 agonists are efficient in eliciting T cell responses and effective in converting cold tumors into hot, their clinical application, however, is limited by the very narrow window between the effective and toxic dosages. Here, we sought to reduce the effective dosage of CD40 agonists by combination therapy. We identified a CD19+CD24hiCD38lowIgDlow/- regulatory B cell (Breg) subset that is increased in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients, and discovered that PPARδ is highly expressed in these tumor-associated Bregs and required for their proliferation and function. Inhibition of PPARδ acted synergistically with agonist anti-CD40 to enhance antitumor immunity without increasing toxicity in murine melanoma and bladder carcinoma models. Combination therapy with PPARδ inhibitor could reduce anti-CD40 dosage by over 60% to a well-tolerated level with improved or at least not compromised antitumor effects, providing a potential strategy for safely using CD40 agonists in cancer treatment. PPARδ also offers a new target for selectively blocking Breg activity while sparing immunostimulatory B cells that are known to aid antitumor immunotherapy.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE168523 | GEO | 2024/02/20

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Bispecific antibodies increase the therapeutic window of CD40 agonists through selective dendritic cell targeting

Project description:Therapeutic use of agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies is a potentially powerful approach for activating the immune response to eradicate tumors. However, the translation of this approach to clinical practice has been significantly restricted due to the severe dose-limiting toxicities observed in multiple clinical trials. Here, we demonstrate that conventional type-1 dendritic cells are essential for triggering antitumor immunity but not toxicity by CD40 agonists, while macrophages, platelets, and monocytes lead to the toxic events. Therefore, we designed bispecific antibodies that target CD40 activation preferentially to dendritic cells. These bispecific reagents demonstrate a superior safety profile compared to their parental CD40 monospecific antibody, while triggering potent anti-tumor activity. We suggest such cell-selective bispecific agonistic antibodies as a drug platform to bypass the dose-limiting toxicities of anti-CD40, and of additional types of agonistic antibodies used for cancer immunotherapy.

2021-12-12 | GSE184009 | GEO

TLR9-activated B cells imprint adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells with potent tumor immunity and persistence

Project description:Here we report a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells against melanoma through ex vivo expansion with the TLR9 agonist CpG. CpG-generated T cells elicited potent immunity without co-administration of high dose IL-2 or vaccination, which are adjuvants classically required to effectively treat solid tumors. CpG-expanded T cells exhibited an IL-2RhighICOShighCD39low phenotype ex vivo and engrafted robustly in vivo. In culture, B cells were the only cell type essential for imprinting T cells with this phenotype and potent tumor immunity. CpG agonists targeting B cells, but not dendritic cells, generated CD8+ T cell products with remarkable antitumor properties. Purified B cells were sufficient to mediate the CpG-associated changes in T cells. These findings reveal a vital role for B cells in the generation of effective antitumor T cells and have immediate implications for profoundly improving immunotherapy for patients.

2022-02-22 | PXD022909 | Pride

A specific Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-delta agonist is hepatoprotective and attenuates liver fibrogenesis

Project description:PPARδ is emerging as a key metabolic regulator with pleiotropic actions on various tissues including fat, skeletal muscle and liver. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of either the well-validated PPARδ agonist GW501516, or a novel PPARδ agonist KD3010 in mouse models of liver fibrosis. KD3010, but not GW501516, treated mice had markedly less liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections. Deposition of extracellular matrix proteins was lower in the KD3010 group as compared to the vehicle or GW501516 treated group. Interestingly, profibrogenic CTGF was significantly induced by GW501516, but not KD3010, following CCl4 treatment. The hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effect of KD3010 was confirmed in a model of cholestasis-induced liver injury and fibrosis using bile duct ligation for three weeks. Hepatocytes were identified as targets for PPARδ agonist, and primary hepatocytes treated with KD3010 showed decreased serum starvation or CCl4-induced cell death, while GW501516 treated hepatocytes were not protected. KD3010 treatment of hepatocytes decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after CCl4 exposure. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a novel PPARδ agonist has hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects in animal models of liver fibrosis. Given the oral availability and the favorable pharmacologic profile of KD3010, ligand activation of PPARδ represents an attractive and promising target for patients with chronic liver diseases. Total RNA was extracted from primary mouse hepatocytes treated with DMSO or PPARd agonists (KD3010, GW1516)

2012-04-18 | E-GEOD-32121 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Identification of gene expression changes induced by ligands for RXR and its partners in differentiating human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Project description:Differentiating human dendritic cells were stimulated for 12 hours with RXR agonists (LG268, 9CRA, R- and S-9CDHRA) or agonists for RXR partners including GW3965 (LXRα/β panagonist), RSG (PPARγ agonist), and GW1516 (PPARδ agonist) and AM580 (RARa agonist). The gene expression changes were detected globally by Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays.

2015-06-04 | GSE48573 | GEO

Resident Kupffer cells and neutrophils drive liver toxicity in cancer immunotherapy

Project description:Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment, but is often restricted by toxicities. What distinguishes adverse events from concomitant antitumor reactions remains poorly understood. Here, using anti-CD40-treatment in mice as a model of Th1-promoting immunotherapy, we show liver macrophages’ vulnerability to promote local adverse events. Mechanistically, tissue-resident Kupffer cells mediate liver toxicity by sensing lymphocyte-derived IFN-g and producing IL-12. Conversely, dendritic cells are dispensable for toxicity but drive tumor control. Though macrophages, IL-12, and IFN-g are not necessarily toxic themselves, we find that they prompt a neutrophil response that determines the severity of tissue damage. We further show that similar inflammatory pathways characterize adverse events across tissues, following anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 immunotherapies, and in humans. These findings implicate macrophages and neutrophils as mediators and effectors of aberrant inflammation in Th1-promoting immunotherapy, and suggest distinct mechanisms of toxicity and antitumor immunity.

2021-06-04 | GSE176109 | GEO

Microarray analyses using bone marrow-derived macrophages from Batf2−/− and wildtype mice that had been stimulated with R848

Project description:We assessed the role of basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 2 (Batf2), particularly its positive transcriptional activities via TLR signals. Because TLR7 agonists are clinically used against tumors and have proven effective as antitumor drugs, we assessed effect of Batf2 on the responses to the TLR7 ligand (R848).

2017-07-24 | GSE101781 | GEO

Lysophosphatidylcholines activate PPARδ and protect human skeletal muscle cells from lipotoxicity

Project description:Metabolomics studies of human plasma demonstrate a correlation of lower plasma lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) concentrations with insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. This relationship is not unraveled on a molecular level. Here we investigated the effects of the abundant LPC(16:0) and LPC(18:1) on human skeletal muscle cells differentiated to myotubes. Transcriptome analysis of human myotubes treated with 10 µM LPC for 24 h revealed enrichment of up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target transcripts, including ANGPTL4, PDK4, PLIN2, and CPT1A. The increase in both PDK4 and ANGPTL4 RNA expression was abolished in the presence of either PPARδ antagonist GSK0660 or GSK3787. The induction of PDK4 by LPCs was blocked with siRNA against PPARD. The activation of PPARδ transcriptional activity by LPC was shown as PPARδ-dependent luciferase reporter gene expression and enhanced DNA binding of the PPARδ/RXR dimer. On a functional level, further results show that the LPC-mediated activation of PPARδ can reduce fatty acid-induced inflammation and ER stress in human skeletal muscle cells. The protective effect of LPC was prevented in the presence of the PPARδ antagonist GSK0660. Taking together, LPCs can activate PPARδ, which is consistent with the association of high plasma LPC levels and PPARδ-dependent anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.

2016-10-14 | GSE77337 | GEO

Tumor endothelial up-regulation of IDO1 limits the response to CD40-stimulating immunotherapy

Project description:CD40-stimulating immunotherapy elicits potent anti-tumor responses, which are mainly T-cell dependent. Here, we have investigated how tumor endothelial cells respond to CD40-stimulating immunotherapy by isolating endothelial cells from B16.F10 melanoma in anti-CD40 treated or isotype treated mice followed by RNA-sequencing. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed an increase in interferon- related responses in tumor endothelial cells following anti-CD40 therapy. The immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) was preferentially expressed in endothelial cells, and it was up-regulated upon anti-CD40 treatment. IDO1 expression in tumor endothelium was positively correlated to T-cell infiltration and to increased expression of IFNγ in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro, endothelial cells up-regulated IDO1 in response to T-cell-derived IFNγ, but not in response to CD40-stimulation. Combining agonistic anti-CD40 therapy with the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat delayed tumor growth and increased survival in B16.F10 tumor-bearing mice, which was associated with increased activation of tumor-infiltrating T-cells. Hereby, we have uncovered an immunosuppressive feedback mechanism, in which tumor vessels limit the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by up-regulating IDO1 in response to T-cell activation.

2020-04-06 | GSE130679 | GEO

Overcoming primary and acquired resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapy by induction and activation of tumor-residing cDC1s

Project description:T-cell exclusion from the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a significant obstacle in cancer immunotherapy. Evidence indicates crucial roles of Batf3-dependent dendritic cells for inducing antitumor T-cell immunity. However, strategies to maximize the engagement of Batf3-dependent dendritic cells into such ‘cold tumors’ remain elusive. Using multiple syngeneic orthotopic mouse models of non-T cell-inflamed tumors, we hypothesized that in situ induction and activation of tumor-residing Batf3-dependent dendritic cells overcomes poor T-cell infiltration. In situ immunomodulation with Flt3L, radiotherapy, and TLR3/CD40 stimulation induces an influx of stem-like Tcf1+Slamf6+CD8+ T cells, triggers robust regression not only of primary, but also untreated distant tumors, and renders non-T cell-inflamed tumors responsive to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Furthermore, serial ISIM reshapes repertoires of intratumoral T cells, overcomes acquired resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapy, resulting in eradication of tumors, and establishes tumor-specific immunological memory. These findings provide new insights into Batf3-dependent dendritic cells biology as a critical determinant to the formation of a T cell-inflamed TME.

2020-09-24 | GSE154879 | GEO

A novel oral arginase 1/2 inhibitor enhances the antitumor effect of PD-1 inhibition in murine experimental gliomas by altering the immunosuppressive environment.

Project description:Malignant gliomas are common and aggressive primary brain tumors which are incurable by conventional therapies. Immunotherapy with the immune checkpoint inhibitors is not effective due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Clinical and experimental data show upregulation of Arginase1 (ARG1) expression in rodent and human malignant gliomas. The elevated ARG1 activity leads to depletion of L-arginine required for proliferation of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Inhibition of ARG1 in TME may unblock T cell proliferation and activate effective antitumor responses. To explore an antitumor potential of ARG1 inhibition, first we analyzed bulk and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from human and murine gliomas, and found upregulation of ARG1 expression in malignant gliomas, both in tumor cells and in tumor infiltrating microglia, monocytes/macrophages. We employed the novel, selective arginase inhibitor - OAT-1746 to interfere with microglia-induced glioma invasion in microglia-glioma co-cultures. We determined its antitumor efficacy as a monotherapy and in combination with immunotherapy. In a Matrigel invasion assay OAT-1746 blocked microglia-dependent invasion of U87-MG and LN18 glioma cells better than reference compounds, without affecting cell viability. OAT-1746 effectively crossed the BBB and increased arginine levels in brains of GL261 glioma bearing mice. The compound reduced glioma growth and increased antitumor effects of the anti-PD-1 antibody. Treatment with OAT-1746 modified TME as demonstrated by profound transcriptomic changes visualized by RNA sequencing. Our findings provide the evidence that inhibition of ARG1 in tumor cells and myeloid cells in TME abolishes the immunosuppressive reprograming of myeloid cells and improves the efficacy of immunotherapy.

2021-08-24 | GSE173865 | GEO

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