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High-precision mapping reveals rare N6-deoxyadenosine methylation in the mammalian genome

ABSTRACT: DNA modification has been characterized as a critical epigenetic regulator in gene expression. N6-deoxyadenosine methylation (6mA) is the most widespread type in prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the lack of a precise and comprehensive mapping method greatly hinders studying the presence and biological significance of 6mA in mammals. Here, we develop a new method MM-seq (Modification-induced Mismatch Sequencing) for genome-wide 6mA mapping in single-base resolution. This method balances accuracy and sensitivity based on a novel detection principle. We find modified DNA bases are likely to flip out of the DNA duplex, forming a mismatch-like structure that an antibody can capture. The mismatch-like structure can be recognized by endonuclease or exonuclease, which marks the exact modified site for readout via sequencing. Using this method, we examine the genomic positions of 6mA in bacteria, green algae, and mammalian cells. We find that human and mouse genomes contain rare and randomly distributed 6mA sites, with almost no overlap between different cell types. After knock-out of the RNA m6A methyltransferase Mettl3, limited 6mA sites in gDNA are diminished. Our results support the perspective that rare 6mA in the mammalian genome is caused by the misincorporation of N6-methyladenine via the nucleotide-salvage pathway.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Escherichia coli Homo sapiens Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

PROVIDER: GSE171698 | GEO | 2023/01/11

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Sequencing of N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine at single-base resolution across the mammalian genome

Project description:While DNA N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine (6mA) is abundant in bacteria and protists, its presence and function in mammalian genomes have been less clear. We present Direct-Read 6mA sequencing (DR-6mA-seq), an antibody-independent method to measure 6mA at base-resolution with high sensitivity. DR-6mA-seq employs a unique mutation-based strategy to reveal 6mA sites as misincorporation signatures without any chemical or enzymatic modulation of 6mA. We validated DR-6mA-seq through successful mapping of the well-characterized G(6mA)TC motif in the E. coli DNA and identified 6mA sites in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA. As expected, when applying DR-6mA-seq to mammalian systems, we found that genomic DNA (gDNA) 6mA abundance is in general low in most mammalian tissues and cells; however, we did observe distinct gDNA 6mA sites in mouse testis and glioblastoma cells. DR-6mA-seq provides an enabling tool to detect 6mA at single-base resolution with high sensitivity for a comprehensive understanding of DNA 6mA in eukaryotes.

2023-12-28 | GSE213876 | GEO

N6-Methyldeoxyadenosine Marks Active Transcription Start Sites in Chlamydomonas

Project description:N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA or m6A) is a DNA modification preserved in prokaryotes to eukaryotes. It is widespread in bacteria, and functions in DNA mismatch repair, chromosome segregation, and virulence regulation. In contrast, the distribution and function of 6mA in eukaryotes have been unclear. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the 6mA landscape in the genome of Chlamydomonas using new sequencing approaches. We identified the 6mA modification in 84% of genes in Chlamydomonas. We found that 6mA mainly locates at ApT dinucleotides around transcription start sites (TSS) with a bimodal distribution, and appears to mark active genes. A periodic pattern of 6mA deposition was also observed at base resolution, which is associated with nucleosome distribution near the TSS, suggesting a possible role in nucleosome positioning. The new genome-wide mapping of 6mA and its unique distribution in the Chlamydomonas genome suggest potential regulatory roles of 6mA in gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. Multiple sequencing methods are developed to profile the distribution of 6mA in Chlamydomonas including MeDIP-Seq, enzyme-treated DNA-Seq, MNase-Seq and RNA-Seq.

2015-04-30 | E-GEOD-62690 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Abundant DNA 6mA methylation during early embryogenesis of zebrafish

Project description:DNA N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) is a well known prokaryotic DNA modification and has been shown to exist and play epigenetic roles in eukaryotic DNA. Here we report that 6mA accumulates up to 0.1% of total deoxyadenosine during early embryogenesis of vertebates, but diminishes with progression of the embryo development. During this process most 6mA locates in repetitive regions of the genome.

2016-10-10 | GSE76740 | GEO

N6-Methyldeoxyadenosine Marks Active Transcription Start Sites in Chlamydomonas

2015-04-30 | GSE62690 | GEO

single-nucleotide resolution sequencing of N6-methyladenine in E. coli genomes and mammalian mitochondrial DNA

Project description:N6-methyladenine (6mA) is a natural DNA modification and functions primarily in restriction-modification (R-M) systems in prokaryotes. Recent studies uncovered the existence and revealed the genome-wide distribution of 6mA in eukaryotes. Specifically, it was reported that 6mA was mainly enriched in mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and could regulate mitochondrial activity. we achieved the genome-wide mapping of 6mA in E. coli genome and mammalian mtDNA at single-nucleotide resolution.

2022-01-26 | GSE194212 | GEO

Characterization of eukaryotic DNA N6-methyladenine by a highly sensitive restriction enzyme-assisted sequencing

Project description:To interrogate single-base resolution 6mA sites in the genome-wide, we develop DA-6mA-seq (DpnI-Assisted N6-methylAdenine sequencing), an optimized sequencing method taking advantage of restriction enzyme DpnI, which exclusively cleaves methylated adenine sites. We find DpnI also recognizes other sequence motifs besides the canonical GATC restriction sites, largely expanding the application range of this method. DA-6mA-seq requires less starting material and lower sequencing depth than previous methods, but achieves higher sensitivity, providing a good strategy to identify 6mA in large genome with a low abundance of 6mA. We rebuild the 6mA maps of Chlamydomonas by DA-6mA-seq and then apply this method to another two eukaryotic organisms, Plasmodium and Penicillium. Further analysis reveals most 6mA sites are symmetric at various sequence contexts, suggesting 6mA may function as a new heritable epigenetic mark in eukaryotes. A new sequencing method is developed to detect 6mA in eukaryotes

2016-04-12 | E-GEOD-74430 | biostudies-arrayexpress

N6-Methyladenine DNA Modification in Human Genome

Project description:In human cells, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) DNA modification plays an important role in gene regulation. However, N6-methyladenine (6mA) DNA modification, which is predominantly present in prokaryotes, is considered to be absent in human genomic DNA. Here, using single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing on human blood, we show that DNA 6mA modification is extensively present in human genome, accounting for ~0.051% of the total adenines. [G/C]AGG[C/T] was the most significant motif associated with 6mA modification. 6mA sites are enriched in the exon coding regions and are associated with transcriptional activation. DNA N6-methyladenine and N6-demethyladenine modification in human are mediated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1, respectively. The 6mA abundance is significantly lower in cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, which is accompanied with decreased N6AMT1 and increased ALKBH1 levels. Decrease of 6mA modification level stimulated tumorigenesis in human. Collectively, our results demonstrate that 6mA DNA modification is present in human tissues, and we describe a potential role of the N6AMT1/ALKBH1-6mA regulatory axis in the progression of human cancer.

2017-10-02 | GSE104475 | GEO

Identification of N6-adenine methylation in C. elegans DNA

Project description:In mammalian cells, DNA methylation on the 5th position of cytosine (5mC) plays an important role as an epigenetic mark. However, DNA methylation was considered to be absent in C. elegans because of the lack of detectable 5mC as well as homologs of the cytosine DNA methyltransferases. Here, using multiple approaches, we demonstrate the presence of adenine N6-methylation (6mA) in C. elegans DNA. We further demonstrate that this modification increases trans-generationally in a paradigm of epigenetic inheritance. Importantly, we identify a DNA demethylase, NMAD-1, and a potential DNA methyltransferase, DAMT-1, which regulate 6mA levels and crosstalk between methylation of histone H3K4me2 and 6mA, and control the epigenetic inheritance of phenotypes associated with the loss of the H3K4me2 demethylase spr-5. Together, these data identify a novel DNA modification in C. elegans and raise the exciting possibility that 6mA may be a carrier of heritable epigenetic information in eukaryotes. SMRT-sequencing for a mixed cell population of wildtype worms 6mA ChIP-Seq for a mixed cell population of wildtype worms

2015-05-05 | E-GEOD-66504 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The Effects of Low Temperature on the Global Increase of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine in Arabidopsis thaliana and Rice

Project description:N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) is a newly-discovered DNA modification that plays a role in regulating plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. However, the changes and molecular regulatory mechanisms of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine under cold stress in plants remain uncertain. Here, we found the global level of 6mA in both Arabidopsis and rice are raised after cold treatment. Genome-wide profiling of 6mA revealed that 6mA peaks are primarily distributed within gene body regions under both normal and low-temperature conditions. Additionally, genes that were up-methylated were enriched in various biological processes, while down-methylated genes did not exhibit any significant enrichment. Association analysis showed that 6mA was positively correlated with gene expression level and 6mA-containing genes displayed a significantly higher expression level than non-6mA-containing genes. Joint analysis of the 6mA methylome and transcriptome of Arabidopsis and rice revealed that the fluctuations in 6mA levels caused by exposure to cold did not correlate with the changes of transcript levels in response to low temperatures. Moreover, we found that 6mA modified orthologous genes exhibit high expression levels. However, upon cold treatment, only a small amount of differentially 6mA-methylated orthologous genes were shared between Arabidopsis and rice. In sum, this study profiled the changes of 6mA in response to cold temperature and has unlocked the potential of this DNA modification in regulating the expression of stress-related genes.

2023-06-19 | GSE230463 | GEO

Single-nucleotide-resolution sequencing of human N6-methyldeoxyadenosine reveals strand-asymmetric clusters associated with SSBP1 in the mitochondrial genome

Project description:N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) is a well-characterized DNA modification in prokaryotes but reports on its presence and function in mammals have been controversial. To address this issue, we established the capacity of 6mA-Crosslinking-Exonuclease-sequencing (6mACE-seq) to detect genome-wide 6mA at single-nucleotide-resolution, demonstrating this by accurately mapping 6mA in synthesized DNA and bacterial genomes. Using 6mACE-seq, we generated a human-genome-wide 6mA map that accurately reproduced known 6mA enrichment at active retrotransposons and revealed mitochondrial chromosome-wide 6mA clusters asymmetrically enriched on the heavy-strand. We identified a novel putative 6mA-binding protein in single stranded DNA binding protein 1 (SSBP1), a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication factor known to coat the heavy-strand, linking 6mA with the regulation of mtDNA replication. Finally, we characterized AlkB homolog 1 (ALKBH1) as a mitochondrial protein with 6mA demethylase activity and showed that its loss decreases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Our results show that 6mA clusters play a previously unappreciated role in regulating human mitochondrial function, despite 6mA being an uncommon DNA modification in the human genome.

2018-11-09 | GSE119094 | GEO

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