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Identification of candidate genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous and intramuscular fat deposition from transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in Dingyuan pigs

ABSTRACT: Purpose: This study conducted RNA-Seq analysis on Dingyuan pig individuals with different intramuscular fat content and backfat thickness, in order to find genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat deposition in pigs

ORGANISM(S): Sus scrofa

PROVIDER: GSE179457 | GEO | 2021/07/08

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Abstract Background: Intramuscular fat refers to the white adipose tissue deposited between muscle fibers, and its quantity and distribution directly impact the quality and value of beef. Compared to subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat develops later and accumulates more slowly in cattle. The reasons for the delayed development and slower growth of intramuscular fat in cattle remain unclear. Results: Histological analysis showed that adipocytes in intramuscular fat were smaller than those in subcutaneous fat from the same mature cattle, indicating a delayed development or slower growth of intramuscular fat compared to subcutaneous fat. Intramuscular fat had a lower capacity for retaining or incorporating long-chain fatty acids into triglycerides than subcutaneous fat. Comparing the transcriptomes of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat by RNA sequencing identified more than 1,000 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between the two adipose depots. Genes upregulated in intramuscular fat included FOXO6, SLC27A1, HDAC9, WWTR1, and PIK3C2A, which are known to inhibit adipose tissue development and growth. Genes downregulated in intramuscular fat included FABP4, AGPAT2, ADIG, ADIRF, and PLIN2, which are known to promote adipose tissue development and growth. Functional enrichment analyses of these DEGs suggested that intramuscular fat may have a lower capacity for fatty acid binding and adipogenesis compared to subcutaneous fat. Furthermore, genes downregulated in intramuscular fat were enriched in signaling pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway, whereas genes upregulated in intramuscular fat were enriched in pathways including the Wnt signaling pathway. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from intramuscular fat exhibited a lower adipogenic potential than those from subcutaneous fat. Conclusion: Multiple factors may contribute to the delayed and slower deposition of intramuscular fat compared to subcutaneous fat in cattle, including reduced fatty acid binding capacity, lower triglyceride synthesis, and decreased adipogenesis in intramuscular fat. These differences are possibly driven by lower expressions of genes such as AGPAT2, FABP4, and ADIG, higher expression of genes such as FOXO6, HDAC9, and SLC27A1, reduced activation of the PPAR signaling pathway, and increased activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in intramuscular fat.

Project description:Background: The regulatory effects of glucose absorption at different sites (rumen vs. small intestine) on lipid metabolism exhibit significant variation in beef nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory pathways of rumen-protected or unprotected glucose on lipid metabolism through the rumen-jejunum axis in Xinjiang Brown cattle.Results: Thirty Xinjiang Brown cattle (females) with similar initial weight (410 ± 22.4 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (n = 10 animals per group, biological replicates). The experimental groups were fed a basal diet (Group A; CON), a basal diet supplemented with 150 g/d of rumen-unprotected glucose (Group B), or a basal diet supplemented with 300 g/d of rumen-protected glucose (50% glucose content; Group C) for 70 days. Supplementation with both rumen-unprotected glucose and rumen-protected glucose increased chest width (P = 0.001), chest girth (P = 0.013), abdominal girth (P = 0.002), backfat thickness (P = 0.041), omental fat weight (P = 0.047), as well as serum concentrations of insulin (P < 0.001), glucagon-like peptide-1 (P < 0.001), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (P < 0.001), while decreasing the content of deoxycholic acid (P < 0.001) in the jejunum. The inclusion of rumen-unprotected glucose resulted in a trend toward higher intramuscular fat (IMF) (P = 0.064) in the longissimus thoracis, along with significant increases in C14:0 (P = 0.042), C15:0 (P = 0.014), and marbling score (P = 0.048), as well as significant reductions in drip loss (P = 0.022) and shear force (P < 0.041). These changes were accompanied by significant increases in dry matter intake (P = 0.001), ruminal concentrations of acetate (P = 0.022) and propionate (P = 0.011). The rumen-protected glucose supplementation elevated serum glucose (P < 0.001) level, while enhancing digestibility of ether extract (P = 0.027) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.027). Neither rumen-unprotected glucose nor rumen-protected glucose affected the α-diversity and ß-diversity of ruminal and jejunal microbiota (P > 0.05), but the differential bacterial biomarkers were either positively and negatively correlated with chest girth, abdominal girth, marbling score, backfat thickness, and deoxycholic acid (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Rumen-unprotected glucose supplementation enhances IMF deposition and meat quality attributes through microbial volatile fatty acid-driven metabolic reprogramming.

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Identification of candidate genes that specifically regulate subcutaneous and intramuscular fat deposition from transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in Dingyuan pigs

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