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Chromatin States in Human ES Cells Reveal Key Regulatory Sequences and Genes Involved in Pluripotency and Self-renewal

ABSTRACT: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are offering a new therapeutic approach because of their unique ability to proliferate indefinitely in vitro and differentiate into multiple cell types. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pluripotency and self-renewal remain incomplete. To elucidate the key regulatory sequences and genes responsible for these cellular properties, we have determined potential enhancers and insulators in the genome of human ES cells and examined the dynamics of four key chromatin modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3) at both promoters and enhancers during the differentiation of these cells. We observe that most enhancers gain or lose H3K4me1 and H3K27ac during differentiation in a manner that correlates with expression of their potential target genes. By contrast, chromatin modifications at promoters remain stable and largely invariant during hESC differentiation, with the exception of a small number of promoters where a dynamic switch between acetylation and methylation at H3K27 marks the transition between activation and silencing of gene expression. Our results reveal more than 50,000 potential enhancers for early human development, and identify key genes that are involved in differentiation and maintenance of pluripotency in human ES cells.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE18292 | GEO | 2009/10/14

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA117929

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Chromatin States in Human ES Cells Reveal Key Regulatory Sequences and Genes Involved in Pluripotency and Self-renewal

Project description:Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are offering a new therapeutic approach because of their unique ability to proliferate indefinitely in vitro and differentiate into multiple cell types. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pluripotency and self-renewal remain incomplete. To elucidate the key regulatory sequences and genes responsible for these cellular properties, we have determined potential enhancers and insulators in the genome of human ES cells and examined the dynamics of four key chromatin modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3) at both promoters and enhancers during the differentiation of these cells. We observe that most enhancers gain or lose H3K4me1 and H3K27ac during differentiation in a manner that correlates with expression of their potential target genes. By contrast, chromatin modifications at promoters remain stable and largely invariant during hESC differentiation, with the exception of a small number of promoters where a dynamic switch between acetylation and methylation at H3K27 marks the transition between activation and silencing of gene expression. Our results reveal more than 50,000 potential enhancers for early human development, and identify key genes that are involved in differentiation and maintenance of pluripotency in human ES cells. ChIP-Seq Analysis of SOX2 and NANOG in hESC H1 cells. 36 cycles of sequencing was done on the Illumina Genome Analyzer II platform.

2009-10-14 | E-GEOD-18292 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Integrating 5 Hydroxymethylcytosine into the Epigenetic Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Project description:Covalent modification of DNA distinguishes cellular identities and is crucial for regulating the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. The recent demonstration that 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) may be further modified to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in ES cells has revealed a novel regulatory paradigm to modulate the epigenetic landscape of pluripotency. To understand the role of 5-hmC in the epigenomic landscape of pluripotent cells, here we profile the genome-wide 5-hmC distribution and correlate it with the genomic profiles of 11 diverse histone modifications and six transcription factors in human ES cells. By integrating genomic 5-hmC signals with maps of histone enrichment, we link particular pluripotency-associated chromatin contexts with 5-hmC. Intriguingly, through additional correlations with defined chromatin signatures at promoter and enhancer subtypes, we show distinct enrichment of 5-hmC at enhancers marked with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. These results suggest potential role(s) for 5-hmC in the regulation of specific promoters and enhancers. In addition, our results provide a detailed epigenomic map of 5-hmC from which to pursue future functional studies on the diverse regulatory roles associated with 5-hmC. Genome wide enrichment profile of 5-hmC in H1 human embryonic stem cells

2011-06-24 | E-GEOD-30173 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Genome-wide map of 4 histone modifications and PolII in iPSC-derived human cardiomyocytes

Project description:We generated maps of H3K4me1, H3K27ac (enhancers), H3K4me3, Pol II (promoters) and H3K27me3 (repressed chromatin) in the genome of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes Differentiation of cardiomyocytes from iPSC followed by ChIP-seq of H3K27ac, H34me1, H327me3, H3K4me3 and PolII

2016-02-22 | E-GEOD-77267 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Integrating 5 Hydroxymethylcytosine into the Epigenetic Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

2011-06-24 | GSE30173 | GEO

KDM5B focuses H3K4 methylation near promoters and enhancers during embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation [ChIP-Seq]

Project description:Pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells is controlled in part by chromatin-modifying factors that regulate histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation. However, it remains unclear how H3K4 demethylation contributes to ES cell function. Here, we show that KDM5B, which demethylates lysine 4 of histone H3, co-localizes with H3K4me3 near promoters and enhancers of active genes in ES cells; its depletion leads to spreading of H3K4 methylation into gene bodies and enhancer shores, indicating that KDM5B functions to focus H3K4 methylation at promoters and enhancers. Spreading of H3K4 methylation to gene bodies and enhancer shores is linked to defects in gene expression programs and enhancer activity, respectively, during self-renewal and differentiation of KDM5B-depleted ES cells. KDM5B critically regulates H3K4 methylation at bivalent genes during differentiation in the absence of LIF or Oct4. We also show that KDM5B and LSD1, another H3K4 demethylase, co-regulate H3K4 methylation at active promoters but they retain distinct roles in demethylating gene body regions and bivalent genes. Our results provide global and functional insight into the role of KDM5B in regulating H3K4 methylation marks near promoters, gene bodies, and enhancers in ES cells and during differentiation. ChIP-Seq for KDM5B, H3K4 methylation and H3K27ac in murine shLuc, shKdm5b, shLuc-LSD1i, shKdm5b-LSD1i ES cells, and during differentiation of shLuc and shKdm5b ES cells for 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days without LIF.

2014-01-27 | E-GEOD-53087 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Histone Phosphoacetylation ChIP-seq of Kc167 cells from Drosophila

Project description:ChIP-seq was performed using Drosophila Kc167 cells using antibodies against H3K4me3 to identify active promoters and H3K4me1 to identify active enhancers. H3K27ac ChIPseq was performed to identify active promoters and enhancers. Once enhancers and promoters were identified, JIL-1 and histone phosphorylation, H3K9acS10ph and H3K27acS28ph, ChIP-seq was performed to look at binding trends. JIL-1 and phosphoacetlation is found at low levels at inactive enhancers and shows increase at active enhancers and promoters. Here we examine histone phosphorylation by JIL-1 and acetylation of H3K27ac by CBP at transcriptionally active vs. inactive promoters and enhancers. ChIP-seq is performed in Kc167 Drosophila cells using antibodies against JIL-1, H3K27acS28ph, H3K9acS10ph, H3K4me3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac.

2012-03-29 | E-GEOD-36374 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Disease-Associated SNPs From non-Coding Regions in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Are Located Within or Adjacent to Functional Genomic Elements of Human Neutrophils and CD4+ T Cells [ChIP-Seq]

Project description:We applied ChIP-Seq on two histone marks: H3K4me1 and H3K27ac in healthy human neutrophils. After peak calling, we obtained the peak regions enriched with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac histone marks and identifed aciive enhancers (H3K27ac+/H3K4me1+) and H3K27ac active enhancers (H3K27ac+/H3K4me1-) in human neutrophils and checked whether those enhancers are located in the LD blocks of 22 SNPs associtated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Identification of active enhancers in human neutrohils

2015-06-12 | E-GEOD-66896 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Zic2, an enhancer-binding factor required for embryonic stem cell specification

Project description:The Zinc finger protein of the cerebellum 2 (Zic2) is one of the vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila pair-rule gene odd-paired (opa). Our molecular and biochemical studies have demonstrated that Zic2 to preferentially bind to transcriptional enhancers and functions as a cofactor that interacts with the NuRD complex in ES cells. Detailed genome-wide studies demonstrate that Zic2 function with Mbd3/NuRD in regulating the chromatin state and transcriptional output of genes linked to differentiation. Zic2 is dispensable for the selfrenewal of ES cells but is required for proper differentiation, similar to what has been previously reported for Mbd3/NuRD. Our study identifies Zic2 as a key factor in the execution of the pluripotency program with Mbd3/NuRD in ES cells. ChIP-seq of Zic2, Chd4, Mbd3 and Zic3 in mES cells. ChIP-seq of H3K27me3, H3K27ac, H3K4me3, H3K4me1 and PolII in mES cells after Zic2 shRNA and non-targeting shRNA. RNA-seq of mES cells after Zic2, Zic3, Mbd3 and Mta2 shRNA and non-targeting shRNA.

2015-02-23 | E-GEOD-61188 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Dynamics of enhancer chromatin signatures mark the transition from pluripotency to cell specification during embryogenesis

Project description:The generation of distinctive cell types that form different tissues and organs requires precise, temporal and spatial control of gene expression. This depends on specific cis-regulatory elements distributed in the non-coding DNA surrounding their target genes. Studies performed on mammalian embryonic stem cells and Drosophila embryos suggest that active enhancers form part of a defined chromatin landscape marked by histone H3 lysine 4 mono-methylation (H3K4me1) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Nevertheless, little is known about the dynamics and the potential roles of these marks during vertebrate embryogenesis. Here we provide genomic maps of H3K4me1/me3 and H3K27ac at four developmental time-points of zebrafish embryogenesis and analyze embryonic enhancer activity. We find that: (i) changes in H3K27ac enrichment at enhancers accompany the shift from pluripotency to tissue-specific gene expression; (ii) in early embryos, the peaks of H3K27ac enrichment are bound by pluripotent factors such as Nanog; (iii) the degree of evolutionary conservation is higher for enhancers that become marked by H3K27ac at the end of gastrulation suggesting their implication in the establishment of the most conserved (phylotypic) transcriptome that is known to occur later at the pharyngula stage. ChIP-seq analysis of H3K4me3, H3K4me1 and H3K27ac at four developmental time-points (dome, 80% epiboly, 24hpf and 48pf) of zebrafish embryogenesis.

2012-05-08 | E-GEOD-32483 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Genome-wide maps of chromatin state and chromatin accessibility in CD8 T cell subsets

Project description:To understand epigenetic mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell differentiation, we performed ChIP-seq of 4 histone modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3) and ATAC-seq to probe chromatin states and accessibility. We identified subset-specific regulatory elements (enhancers and promoters) from chromatin states and predicted key transcription factors from accessible regulatory regions using ATAC-seq.

2017-03-13 | GSE95237 | GEO

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