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FOXA2 suppresses endometrial carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating enhancer activity

ABSTRACT: FOXA2 encodes a transcription factor mutated in 10% of endometrial cancers (ECs), with a higher mutation rate in aggressive variants. FOXA2 has essential roles in embryonic and uterine development. However, FOXA2’s role in EC is incompletely understood. Functional investigations using human and mouse EC cell lines revealed that FOXA2 controls endometrial epithelial gene expression programs regulating cell proliferation, adhesion, and endometrial-epithelial transition. In live animals, conditional inactivation of Foxa2 or Pten alone in endometrial epithelium did not result in ECs, but simultaneous inactivation of both genes resulted in lethal ECs with complete penetrance, establishing potent synergism between Foxa2 and PI3K signaling. Studies in tumor-derived cell lines and organoids highlighted additional invasion and cell growth phenotypes associated with malignant transformation and identified key mediators, including Myc and Cdh1. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses revealed that FOXA2 broadly controls gene expression programs through modification of enhancer activity in addition to regulating specific target genes, rationalizing its tumor suppressor functions. By integrating results from our cell lines, organoids, animal models, and patient data, our findings demonstrated that FOXA2 is an endometrial tumor suppressor associated with aggressive disease and with shared commonalities among its roles in endometrial function and carcinogenesis.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE193165 | GEO | 2022/06/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common cancer of female reproductive organs. Because some low-grade ECs might also experience tumor recurrence after surgery and a worse prognosis, the study of alterations related to EC pathogenesis of the disease might help to get insights into underlying mechanisms involved in EC development and metastasis and identify novel markers associated to the disease. Here, low C1GALT1 protein expression levels were associated to a more aggressive phenotype of EC. Then, we aimed at investigating the role of C1GALT1 in EC progression by quantitative proteomics. ECC-1 cells were used as endometrioid EC model, and the effect of C1GALT1 depletion was analyzed using C1GALT1 specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) in comparison to SCRAMBLE shRNA. SILAC and mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identify and quantify dysregulated proteins associated with C1GALT1 depletion in the cell extract and secretome proteome of shC1GALT1 and SCRAMBLE ECC-1 cells. Out of 5208 proteins identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS, 76 and 143 proteins showed dysregulation (fold-change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67) in shC1GALT1 ECC-1 cells’ extracts and secretome, respectively. Nine dysregulated proteins were selected for validation by orthogonal techniques, confirming their dysregulation upon C1GALT1 depletion. Bioinformatics analyses pointed out to an increase in pathways and dysregulated proteins that associated with more aggressive phenotype. This finding was corroborated by loss-of-function cell-based assays. A higher proliferation, invasion, migration, colony formation and angiogenesis capacity of C1GALT1 depleted cells was observed. Finally, the negative protein expression correlation found by proteomics between C1GALT1 and LGALS3 was confirmed by IHC in actual EC samples, suggesting C1GALT1 stably depleted ECC-1 cells mimic the aggressive phenotype of EC cells and might be useful for the identification and validation of potential markers in aggressive ECs.

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FOXA2 suppresses endometrial carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating enhancer activity

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