Anti-PD-1 re-navigates concealed IL-15 to rejuvenate tumor-specific PD-1+CD8+T cells inside the tumor microenvironment
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE212545 | GEO | 2022/09/21
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:The anti-PD-1 antibody-IL-15 cytokine fusion approach was developed to optimally activate intra-tumoral CD8+ T cells. We engineered a fusion protein of a single, potency-reduced, IL-15 mutein and an anti-PD-1 antibody (αPD1-IL15m). This immunocytokine is designed to deliver PD-1-mediated avidity-driven IL-2/15 receptor stimulation preferentially to PD-1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) while reducing the natural preference of IL-15 for circulating peripheral NK or T cells.
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Project description:The goal of this study is to characterize the transcriptional profile of PD-1+ stem-like (Tim-3-CD73+) versus terminally-differentiated (Tim-3+CD73-) CD8 T cells following two week αPD-1 blockade.
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Project description:We investigated whether exogenous supplies of different IL-2R agonists (IL-2wt, IL-2nα or IL-2α-bias) at the concentration of 3 mg/g body weight could rescue the transcriptional signatures of dysfunctional T cells in large tumors, or allow them to regain sensitivity to αPD-1 antibody. Remarkably, after transient stimulation by IL-2wt, large tumors fully restored the effector/activation signatures observed in small tumors, such as upregulation of effector genes (Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmk and Ifng), T cell activation/exhaustion genes (Ctla4, Pdcd1, Lag3 and Havcr2), inflammatory cytokine/cytokine receptors (Il2ra, Il2rb, Il2rg and Il21r), and chemokines (Cxcl9, Cxcl10 and Ccl19) (Fig.7d). Surprisingly, although IL-2α-bias had >10-fold weaker in vitro activity than IL-2wt, and could only activate the small fraction of CD25-upregulated CD8+Teff cells, the transcriptional profiles were indistinguishable between IL-2wt and IL-2α-bias treated large tumors. In stark contrast, IL-2nα treatment showed no meaningful transcriptional changes in large tumors compared to untreated control. These results once again demonstrate the critical role of CD25 in transmitting IL-2 signaling to reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Project description:The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is elevated in both blood and airways in asthma. IL-6 signaling is regulated by its receptor composed of two proteins, IL-6R and GP130, that are found in both membrane and soluble forms. The interaction of IL-6 with soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) can trigger IL-6 trans-signaling in cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which express GP130, but do not produce sufficient IL-6R. We aimed to analyze IL-6 trans-signaling in the airways after an allergen challenge and to examine the potential source of sIL-6R and sGP130. In addition to protein analysis of bronchoalveolar lavages by ELISA and flow cytometry, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to study the expression of the IL-6R subunits by eosinophils activated by IL-3 in vitro. RNA-seq and proteomic analyses confirmed that eosinophils do not produce GP130 but produce both IL-6R and ADAM10, a metalloproteinase that cleaves membrane IL-6R into sIL-6R.
2020-10-22 | GSE159782 | GEO
Project description:Background: Although several studies link high levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) with asthma severity and decreased lung function, the role of IL-6 trans-signaling (IL-6TS) in asthma is unclear. Objective: To explore the association between epithelial IL-6TS pathway activation and molecular and clinical phenotypes in asthma. Methods: Primary human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were stimulated with IL-6 and sIL-6R to establish an IL-6TS gene signature. Two separate RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) studies were performed: The “IL-6 vs T2 study” compared gene expression after stimulation with control medium, IL-6, IL-6/sIL-6R and IL-4/IL-13, while the “JAK1-inhibition study” addressed the effect of JAK1 inhibition on IL-6TS induced gene expression. The IL-6TS gene signature was used to stratify lung epithelial transcriptomic data obtained from asthmatics (n=103) in the U-BIOPRED cohorts by hierarchical clustering. Molecular phenotyping was based on the transcriptional profiling of epithelial brushings, pathway analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis of bronchial biopsies. Results: Activation of IL-6TS in HBEC ALI cultures reduced epithelial barrier function and induced a specific epithelial gene signature enriched in airway remodeling genes. The IL-6TS signature identified a subset (n=17) of IL-6TS High asthma patients with increased epithelial expression of IL-6TS inducible genes in absence of increased systemic levels of IL-6 and sIL-6R. The IL-6TS High subset had an increased exacerbation frequency (p=0.028), blood (>300/μl; p=0.0028) and sputum (>20%; p=0.007) eosinophilia, and submucosal infiltration of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells (p<0.001) and macrophages (p=0.001). In bronchial brushings, TLR pathway genes were up-regulated while the expression of epithelial tight junction genes was reduced (all with q<0.05). Sputum sIL-6R levels correlated with sputum markers of remodeling and innate immune activation, in particular YKL-40, MMP3, IL-8 and IL-1β (all with q<0.001). Conclusions: Local lung epithelial IL-6TS activation in absence of type 2 airway inflammation defines a novel subset of asthmatics and may drive airway inflammation and epithelial dysfunction in these patients.
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Project description:We report the gene expression pattern of 125 pancreatic cancer tumor tissues who underwent surgical resectionmouse with IL-15, MCMV-infected mouse without IL-15, and MCMV-infected mouse with IL-15). We found that mouse with MCMV-memory CD8 T cells response to IL-15 and the behaviors of cancer were changed compared to other groups.
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Project description:Upon chronic antigen exposure, CD8+ T cells become exhausted acquiring a dysfunctional state correlated with the inability to control infection or tumor. In contrast to exhausted T cells, stem-like CD8+ T progenitors maintain the ability to promote and sustain effective immunity. Adenovirus (Ad) vectored vaccines encoding tumor neoantigens have been shown to eradicate large tumors when combined with anti-Programmed cell death protein 1 (αPD-1) in murine models, however the mechanisms and translational potential have not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that gorilla Ad vaccine targeting tumor neoepitopes enhance responses to αPD-1 therapy, by improving immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy. Single cell RNA-seq demonstrated that the combination of Ad vaccine and αPD-1 increased the number of murine polyfunctional neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells over αPD-1 monotherapy, with an accumulation of Tcf1+ stem-like progenitors in draining lymph nodes and effector CD8+T cells in tumors. Combined TCR sequencing analysis highlighted a broader spectrum of neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells upon vaccination compared to αPD-1 monotherapy. The translational relevance of these data is supported by results obtained in the first 12 patients with metastatic deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) tumors vaccinated with an Ad vaccine encoding shared neoantigens. Expansion and diversification of TCRs was observed in post-treatment biopsies of patients with clinical response, as well as an increase in tumor infiltrating T cells with an effector memory signature. These findings indicate a promising mechanism to overcome resistance to PD-1 blockade, by promoting immunogenicity and broadening the spectrum and magnitude of neoantigen-specific T cells infiltrating tumors.
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Project description:The DEAD-box (DDX) proteins function in diverse cellular processes including RNA alternative splicing, and are linked to immune-mediated diseases. However, little is known about the roles of DDXs in skin inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that DDX5, one of the founding members of the DDX RNA helicase family, controls skin inflammation and participates in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via regulating IL-36R pre-mRNA splicing. We found that both mRNA and protein of DDX5 are decreased in lesional skin from patients with psoriasis and psoriasis-like mice, and that mice with keratinocyte-specific ablation of DDX5 spontaneously develop psoriasis-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, DDX5 complexes with serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1(SRSF1) to typically regulate IL-36R pre-mRNA splicing in keratinocytes, which generates mRNAs encoding full-length IL-36R and a previously unknown soluble form of IL-36R (sIL-36R). sIL-36R controls IL-36/IL-36R signaling by competing with IL-36R for IL-36γ ligation. The reduction or deficiency of DDX5 leads to IL-36R pre-mRNA splicing preferring to the generation of IL-36R but not sIL-36R, thereby selectively amplifying inflammatory responses of keratinocytes to IL-36γ and then aggravating cutaneous inflammation in psoriasis. Genetic restoration or intradermal administration of sIL-36R in psoriasis-like mice suppresses IL-36R signaling and alleviates the disease phenotype of psoriasis. Altogether, these data reveal a pathogenic role of DDX5 during psoriasis, and provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of IL-36R splicing and its impact on psoriasis development.
2020-09-09 | PXD021379 | iProX
Project description:Treatment of hematological malignancies by adoptive transfer of activated natural killer (NK) cells is limited by poor post-infusion persistence. We compared the ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 to sustain human NK cell functions following cytokine withdrawal to model post-infusion performance. In contrasts to IL-2, IL-15 mediated stronger signaling through the IL-2/15 receptor complex and provided functional advantages. Genome-wide analysis of cytosolic and polysome-associated mRNA revealed cytokine dependent differential mRNA levels and translation during cytokine activation but also that most gene expression differences were primed by IL-15 and only manifested after cytokine withdrawal. IL-15 augmented mTOR signaling, which correlated with increased expression of genes related to cell metabolism and respiration. Consistently, mTOR inhibition abrogated IL-15-induced functional advantages. Moreover, mTOR-independent STAT-5 signaling contributed to improved NK cell function during cytokine activation but not following cytokine withdrawal. The superior performance of IL-15 stimulated NK cells was also observed using a clinically applicable protocol for NK cell expansion. Finally, expression of IL-15 correlated with cytolytic immune functions in patients with B cell lymphoma and favorable clinical outcome. These findings highlight the importance of mTOR regulated metabolic processes for immune cell functions and argue for implementation of IL-15 in adoptive NK cell cancer therapy.
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Project description:Blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T cells, resulting in tumor regression in cancer patients. Recently, reinvigoration of exhausted CD8+ T cells following PD-1 blockade was shown to be CD28-dependent in mouse models. Herein, we examined the role of CD28 in anti-PD-1-induced human T-cell reinvigoration using tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TILs) obtained from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Single cell analysis demonstrated a distinct expression pattern of CD28 between mouse and human CD8+ TILs. Furthermore, we found that human CD28+CD8+, but not CD28–CD8+ TILs, responded to PD-1 blockade irrespective of B7/CD28 blockade, indicating that CD28 co-stimulation in human CD8+ TILs is dispensable for PD-1 blockade-induced reinvigoration, and loss of CD28 expression rather serve as a marker of anti-PD-1-unresponsive CD8+ TILs. Transcriptionally and phenotypically, PD-1 blockade-unresponsive human CD28–PD-1+CD8+ TILs exhibited characteristics of terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells with low TCF1 expression. Notably, CD28–PD-1+CD8+ TILs had preserved machinery to respond to IL-15, and IL-15 treatment enhanced proliferation of CD28–PD-1+CD8+ TILs as well as CD28+PD-1+CD8+ TILs. Taken together, we demonstrate loss of CD28 expression as a marker of PD-1 blockade-unresponsive human CD8+ TILs with TCF1– signature and provide mechanistic insights into combining IL-15 with anti-PD-1.
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