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Enniatin B and beauvericin prevailing in fish feed affect intestinal cell function and hematological processes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after acute exposure

ABSTRACT: Unintentional use of mold-infested plant-based feed ingredients are sources of mycotoxins in fish feeds. The presence of the emerging mycotoxins ENNB and BEA in Norwegian commercial fish feeds and plant-based feed ingredients has raised concerns regarding the health effects on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were exposed to a non-lethal single-dose of BEA and ENNB, and total RNA sequencing of the intestine and liver was carried out to evaluate gut health and identify possible hepatological changes after a single-dose dietary exposure. ENNB and BEA did not give acute toxicity, however ENNB caused the onset of pathways linked to acute intestinal inflammation and BEA exposures caused the onset of hepatic hematological disruption. The prevalence and concentration of ENNB found in today's commercial feed could affect the fish health if consumed over a longer time-period.

ORGANISM(S): Salmo salar

PROVIDER: GSE213817 | GEO | 2022/12/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Current commercially available feeds for salmon are predominantly made of plant ingredients, with consequent changes to the composition and contents of a range of nutrients and other components in the diet. There are concerns that, with these major changes in raw materials, new feeds will affect not only the composition and contents of nutrients, but also the bioavailability and, combined with the limited knowledge of micronutrient requirements for Atlantic salmon, this might impact growth performance and health of the fish. The present study investigated the effects of graded levels of a micronutrient package supplemented to feeds formulated with low levels of marine ingredients and fed to diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon throughout the freshwater phase. Specifically, fish were fed three diets containing low levels of FM and FO and identical in formulation other than being supplemented with 3 levels (L1, 100 %; L2, 200 % and L3, 400 %) of a micronutrient mix formulated as a modification of current nutrient levels reported for salmon. Duplicate groups of diploid and triploid parr were fed the experimental diets from around 30 g to seawater transfer and the effects on growth performance, feed efficiency, biochemical composition, liver histology, hepatic gene expression (transcriptome) and smoltification efficiency determined. Microarray analysis revealed that the hepatic transcriptome profile of diploid fish fed diet L2 was more similar to that observed in triploids fed diet L3 than to those fed L2, suggesting that micronutrient requirements of triploid salmon may differ from levels accepted in diploid salmon. Different levels of micronutrient supplementation affected the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism. In particular sterol biosynthesis pathways (steroid and terpenoid backbone synthesis) were down-regulated in both L2-fed diploids and L3-fed triploids when compared with diet L1-fed diploids and triploids, respectively. Gene sets analysis showed an up-regulation of genes involved in immune processes in triploid salmon fed diet L3. Another biological category affected by diet in triploid salmon was genetic information processing. In fish fed diet L3 down-regulation of RNA degradation, proteasome, RNA polymerase, spliceosome and ribosome was observed, suggesting a decrease in protein turnover in this group, which may indicate a decrease in energy expenditure. In addition, one-carbon metabolism was affected by diet in diploid and triploid salmon.

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Enniatin B and beauvericin prevailing in fish feed affect intestinal cell function and hematological processes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after acute exposure

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