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RNA Polymerase II pausing temporally coordinates cell cycle progression and erythroid differentiation [CRISPR]

ABSTRACT: The controlled release of promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing into productive elongation is a major step in gene regulation. Yet, functionally analyzing Pol II pausing is difficult because the factors that regulate pause release are generally essential. Here, we identified heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SUPT5H, encoding SPT5, in individuals with β-thalassemia trait unlinked to the β-globin locus. Recapitulating the pathogenic mutations in human erythroid cells or acute treatment with transcription inhibitors replicates the patient phenotype of altered globin gene expression. Furthermore, in SUPT5H-edited cells, Pol II pause release was globally disrupted. We observed dynamic patterns of pausing at cell cycle and erythroid differentiation genes at the transition from progenitors to precursors during erythropoiesis. At this same transition, in SUPT5H-edited cells, we observed delayed differentiation and altered cell cycle kinetics, as well as a delay in the onset of gene expression programs. Therefore, hindering pause release perturbs cell cycle and delays differentiation at key stages of erythropoiesis, revealing a role for Pol II pausing in the temporal coordination between the cell cycle and differentiation.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE214556 | GEO | 2023/07/21

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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RNA Polymerase II pausing temporally coordinates cell cycle progression and erythroid differentiation [RNA-seq]

Project description:The controlled release of promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing into productive elongation is a major step in gene regulation. Yet, functionally analyzing Pol II pausing is difficult because the factors that regulate pause release are generally essential. Here, we identified heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SUPT5H, encoding SPT5, in individuals with β-thalassemia trait unlinked to the β-globin locus. Recapitulating the pathogenic mutations in human erythroid cells or acute treatment with transcription inhibitors replicates the patient phenotype of altered globin gene expression. Furthermore, in SUPT5H-edited cells, Pol II pause release was globally disrupted. We observed dynamic patterns of pausing at cell cycle and erythroid differentiation genes at the transition from progenitors to precursors during erythropoiesis. At this same transition, in SUPT5H-edited cells, we observed delayed differentiation and altered cell cycle kinetics, as well as a delay in the onset of gene expression programs. Therefore, hindering pause release perturbs cell cycle and delays differentiation at key stages of erythropoiesis, revealing a role for Pol II pausing in the temporal coordination between the cell cycle and differentiation.

2023-07-21 | GSE214558 | GEO

RNA Polymerase II pausing temporally coordinates cell cycle progression and erythroid differentiation [NET-seq]

2023-07-21 | GSE214557 | GEO

SPT6 functions in transcriptional pause/release via PAF1C recruitment

Project description:In vitro studies identified various factors including P-TEFb, SEC, SPT6, PAF1, DSIF, and NELF functioning at different stages of transcription elongation driven by RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). What remains unclear is how these factors cooperatively regulate pause/release and productive elongation in the context of living cells. Using an acute 5 protein-depletion approach, prominent release and a subsequent increase in mature transcripts, whereas long genes fail to yield mature transcripts due to a loss of processivity. Mechanistically, loss of SPT6 results in loss of PAF1 complex (PAF1C) from RNA Pol II, leading to NELF-bound RNA Pol II release into the gene bodies. Furthermore, SPT6 and/or PAF1 depletion impairs heat shock-induced pausing, pointing to a role for SPT6 in regulating RNA Pol II pause/release through the recruitment of PAF1C during the early elongation.

2022-08-09 | PXD033771 | Pride

TFIID enables RNA polymerase II promoter-proximal pausing

Project description:RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcribes all protein-coding and many non-coding RNAs in the human genome. Pol II transcription initiation is governed by the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC), which contains TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, pol II, and Mediator. After initiation, pol II enzymes typically pause after transcribing less than 100 bases, and paused polymerases represent a common regulatory intermediate. Accordingly, paused pol II has been implicated in enhancer function, development and homeostasis, and diseases ranging from cancer to viral pathogenesis. Precisely how pol II promoter-proximal pausing is enforced and regulated remains unclear; however, protein complexes such as NELF and DSIF increase pausing whereas the activity of CDK9 (P-TEFb complex) correlates with pause release. To address specific mechanistic questions about pol II pausing and its regulation, we reconstituted human pol II promoter-proximal pausing in vitro, entirely with purified factors (no extracts). As expected, NELF and DSIF increased pol II pausing in vitro, whereas P-TEFb promoted pause release. Unexpectedly, the PIC alone was sufficient to reconstitute pol II pausing, suggesting that pausing is an inherent property of the PIC. In agreement, pol II pausing was lost upon replacement of the TFIID complex with TATA-binding protein (TBP); moreover, pausing was dependent upon TFIID subunits TAF1 and TAF2. TAF1/2 bind genomic DNA downstream of the pol II initiation site, invoking a “complex interaction” model for pausing. Consistent with this model, PRO-Seq experiments revealed increased transcription upon acute depletion (t=60 min) of TAF1 and TAF2 in human cells, and pol II pausing was disrupted at thousands of genes. Similar results were obtained in TAF1-depleted Drosophila S2 cells. Collectively, these data establish the general transcription factor TFIID as a genome-wide regulator of pol II promoter-proximal pausing.

2020-05-28 | GSE132764 | GEO

Paused RNA polymerase II inhibits new transcriptional initiation

Project description:RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pauses downstream of the transcription initiation site before beginning productive elongation. This pause is a key component of metazoan gene expression regulation. Some promoters have a strong disposition for Pol II pausing and often mediate faster, more synchronous changes in expression. This requires multiple rounds of transcription and thus cannot rely solely on pause release. But it is unclear how pausing affects the initiation of new transcripts during consecutive rounds of transcription. Using our recently developed ChIP-nexus method, we find that Pol II pausing inhibits new initiation. We propose that paused Pol II helps prevent new initiation between transcription bursts, which may reduce noise.

2017-04-17 | GSE85741 | GEO

Paused RNA polymerase II inhibits new transcriptional initiation [ChIP-Seq]

2017-04-17 | GSE85740 | GEO

Paused RNA polymerase II inhibits new transcriptional initiation [ChIP-nexus spike-in]

2017-04-17 | GSE85739 | GEO

Paused RNA polymerase II inhibits new transcriptional initiation [ChIP-nexus]

2017-04-17 | GSE85738 | GEO

The pausing zone and control of RNA polymerase II elongation by Spt5: implications for the pause-release model

Project description:The pause-release model of transcription proposes that pol II pauses 40-100 bases from the start site resulting in a pile-up that is relieved by subsequent release into productive elongation. Pause release is facilitated by PTEFb phosphorylation of the pol II elongation factor, Spt5. We mapped paused polymerases by eNETseq and found frequent pausing in zones that extend ~0.3-3kb into genes, even when PTEFb is inhibited. The fraction of paused polymerases or “pausiness” declines gradually over several kb, and not abruptly as predicted for a discrete pause release event. Spt5 depletion extends pausing zones suggesting that it promotes maturation of elongation complexes to a low-pausing state. Expression of mutants after Spt5 depletion showed that phosphomimetic substitutions in the Spt5 CTR1 domain diminished pausing throughout genes. In contrast mutants that prevent phosphorylation of the Spt5 RNA-binding domain strengthened pausing. Thus distinct Spt5 phospho-isoforms set the balance between pausing and elongation.

2022-10-01 | GSE202749 | GEO

Acetylation on Histone H3 Lysine 9 Mediates a Switch from Transcription Initiation to Elongation

Project description:The transition from transcription initiation to elongation is a key regulatory step in gene expression, which requires RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to escape promoter proximal pausing on chromatin. While elongation factors promote pause release leading to transcription elongation, the role of epigenetic modifications during this critical transition step is poorly understood. Two histone marks on histone H3, lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), co-localize on active gene promoters and are associated with active transcription. H3K4me3 can promote transcription initiation, yet the functional role of H3K9ac is much less understood. We hypothesized that H3K9ac may function downstream of transcription initiation by recruiting specific proteins important for the next step of transcription. Here, we describe a functional role for H3K9ac in promoting Pol II pause release by directly recruiting the super elongation complex (SEC) to chromatin. H3K9ac serves as a substrate for direct binding of the SEC, as does acetylation of histone H4 lysine 5 (H4K5ac), to a lesser extent. Furthermore, lysine 9 on histone H3 is necessary for maximal Pol II pause release through SEC action, and loss of H3K9ac increases the Pol II pausing index on a subset of genes in HeLa cells. At select gene promoters, loss of H3K9ac or depletion of the SEC reduces gene expression and increases paused Pol II occupancy. We therefore propose that an ordered histone code drives progression through the transcription cycle, providing new mechanistic insight that SEC recruitment to certain acetylated histones promotes the subsequent release of paused Pol II needed for transcription elongation.

2017-07-11 | GSE99998 | GEO

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