Overlapping role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and 2 in imidazole ketone erastin-induced ferroptosis
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE234894 | GEO | 2023/06/19
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Chronic liver injury triggers complications such as liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are associated with alterations in distinct signaling pathways. Of particular interest is the interaction between mechanisms controlled by IKKγ/NEMO, the regulatory IKK subunit, and Jnk activation for directing cell death and survival. In the present study, we aimed to define the relevance of Jnk in hepatocyte-specific NEMO knockout mice (NEMOΔhepa), a genetic model of chronic inflammatory liver injury. We generated global Jnk1-/-/NEMOΔhepa and Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa mice by crossing NEMOΔhepa mice with Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- animals, respectively, and examined the progression of chronic liver disease. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Jnk during acute liver injury, evaluated the role of Jnk1 in bone marrow-derived cells, and analyzed the expression of NEMO and pJnk in human diseased-livers. Deletion of Jnk1 significantly aggravated the progression of liver disease, exacerbating apoptosis, compensatory proliferation and carcinogenesis in NEMOΔhepa mice. Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa showed increased RIP-1 and RIP-3 expression and hepatic inflammation. Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes had an impact on the progression of chronic liver disease in NEMOΔhepa livers. These findings are of clinical relevance since NEMO expression was down-regulated in hepatocytes of patients with HCC whereas NEMO and pJnk were expressed in a large amount of infiltrating cells. While Jnk1 is protective in NEMOΔhepa-depleted hepatocytes, Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes is a crucial driver of hepatic injury. These results elucidate the complex function of Jnk in chronic inflammatory liver disease. Livers from global knockout mice for Jnk1 (Jnk1-/-) and Jnk2 (Jnk2-/- ), and double-knockout mice for Jnk1/NEMO (global Jnk1-/-/NEMOΔhepa) and Jnk2/NEMO (global Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa), were subjected to gene expression profiling.
2015-06-22 | E-GEOD-59601 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:BACKGROUND & AIMS: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 and JNK2 are expressed in hepatocytes and have overlapping and distinct functions. JNK proteins are activated, via phosphorylation, in response to acetaminophen- or CCl4-induced liver damage; the level of activation correlates with the degree of injury. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, has been reported to block acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We investigated the role of JNK in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in liver tissues from patients and in mice with genetic deletion of JNK in hepatocytes. METHODS: We studied liver sections from patients with DILI (due to acetaminophen, phenprocoumon, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or autoimmune hepatitis), or patients without acute liver failure (controls), collected from a DILI Biobank in Germany. Levels of total and activated (phosphorylated) JNK were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Jnk1 (Jnk1Îhepa) or combination of Jnk1 and Jnk2 (JnkÎhepa), as well as Jnk1-floxed C57BL/6 (control) mice, were given injections of CCl4 (to induce fibrosis) or acetaminophen (to induce toxic liver injury). We performed gene expression microarray, and phosphoproteomic analyses to determine mechanisms of JNK activity in hepatocytes. RESULTS: Liver samples from DILI patients contained more activated JNK, predominantly in nuclei of hepatocytes and in immune cells, than healthy tissue. Administration of acetaminophen to JnkÎhepa mice produced a greater level of liver injury than that observed in Jnk1Îhepa or control mice, based on levels of serum markers and microscopic and histologic analysis of liver tissues. Administration of CCl4 also induced stronger hepatic injury in JnkÎhepa mice, based on increased inflammation, cell proliferation, and fibrosis progression, compared to Jnk1Îhepa or control mice. Hepatocytes from JnkÎhepa mice given acetaminophen had an increased oxidative stress response, leading to decreased activation of AMPK, total protein AMPK levels, and pJunD and subsequent necrosis. Administration of SP600125 before or with acetaminophen protected JnkÎhepa and control mice from liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: In hepatocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 appear to have combined effects in protecting mice from CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. It is important to study the tissue-specific functions of both proteins, rather than just JNK1, in the onset of toxic liver injury. JNK inhibition with SP600125 shows off-target effects. Livers and primary hepatocytes were isolated from wild type and JNKÎhepa (Jnk1Îhepa/global Jnk2-/-) double-knockout mice and subjected to gene expression profiling.
2016-01-04 | E-GEOD-59602 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Chronic liver injury triggers complications such as liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are associated with alterations in distinct signaling pathways. Of particular interest is the interaction between mechanisms controlled by IKKγ/NEMO, the regulatory IKK subunit, and Jnk activation for directing cell death and survival. In the present study, we aimed to define the relevance of Jnk in hepatocyte-specific NEMO knockout mice (NEMOΔhepa), a genetic model of chronic inflammatory liver injury. We generated global Jnk1-/-/NEMOΔhepa and Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa mice by crossing NEMOΔhepa mice with Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- animals, respectively, and examined the progression of chronic liver disease. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Jnk during acute liver injury, evaluated the role of Jnk1 in bone marrow-derived cells, and analyzed the expression of NEMO and pJnk in human diseased-livers. Deletion of Jnk1 significantly aggravated the progression of liver disease, exacerbating apoptosis, compensatory proliferation and carcinogenesis in NEMOΔhepa mice. Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa showed increased RIP-1 and RIP-3 expression and hepatic inflammation. Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes had an impact on the progression of chronic liver disease in NEMOΔhepa livers. These findings are of clinical relevance since NEMO expression was down-regulated in hepatocytes of patients with HCC whereas NEMO and pJnk were expressed in a large amount of infiltrating cells. While Jnk1 is protective in NEMOΔhepa-depleted hepatocytes, Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes is a crucial driver of hepatic injury. These results elucidate the complex function of Jnk in chronic inflammatory liver disease.
2015-06-22 | GSE59601 | GEO
Project description:BACKGROUND & AIMS: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 and JNK2 are expressed in hepatocytes and have overlapping and distinct functions. JNK proteins are activated, via phosphorylation, in response to acetaminophen- or CCl4-induced liver damage; the level of activation correlates with the degree of injury. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, has been reported to block acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We investigated the role of JNK in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in liver tissues from patients and in mice with genetic deletion of JNK in hepatocytes. METHODS: We studied liver sections from patients with DILI (due to acetaminophen, phenprocoumon, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or autoimmune hepatitis), or patients without acute liver failure (controls), collected from a DILI Biobank in Germany. Levels of total and activated (phosphorylated) JNK were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Jnk1 (Jnk1Δhepa) or combination of Jnk1 and Jnk2 (JnkΔhepa), as well as Jnk1-floxed C57BL/6 (control) mice, were given injections of CCl4 (to induce fibrosis) or acetaminophen (to induce toxic liver injury). We performed gene expression microarray, and phosphoproteomic analyses to determine mechanisms of JNK activity in hepatocytes. RESULTS: Liver samples from DILI patients contained more activated JNK, predominantly in nuclei of hepatocytes and in immune cells, than healthy tissue. Administration of acetaminophen to JnkΔhepa mice produced a greater level of liver injury than that observed in Jnk1Δhepa or control mice, based on levels of serum markers and microscopic and histologic analysis of liver tissues. Administration of CCl4 also induced stronger hepatic injury in JnkΔhepa mice, based on increased inflammation, cell proliferation, and fibrosis progression, compared to Jnk1Δhepa or control mice. Hepatocytes from JnkΔhepa mice given acetaminophen had an increased oxidative stress response, leading to decreased activation of AMPK, total protein AMPK levels, and pJunD and subsequent necrosis. Administration of SP600125 before or with acetaminophen protected JnkΔhepa and control mice from liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: In hepatocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 appear to have combined effects in protecting mice from CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. It is important to study the tissue-specific functions of both proteins, rather than just JNK1, in the onset of toxic liver injury. JNK inhibition with SP600125 shows off-target effects.
2016-01-04 | GSE59602 | GEO
Project description:JNK is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and there are three genes that encode for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 respectively. JNK3 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and it plays a crucial role in neuronal death in several neurodegenerative diseases, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. By contrast, the isoforms JNK1 and JNK2 seem to be involved in brain development. The lack of Jnk3 gene confers neuroprotection, although the specific mechanism underlying this has yet to be elucidated. The present study analyze the gene expression profiling in mice lacking Jnk3, comparing them to wild-type mice. The microarray analysis showed that 22 genes are differentially expressed in Jnk3 null mice. Of these we focused in pik3cb, since it is directly related to the pro-survival PI3K/AKT pathway. Results from Jnk3 null mice showed an increase in pik3cb transcript, together with an increase in PI3K activity and hyperphosphorylation of AKT. By contrast, these changes were not observed in Jnk1 null mice, indicating that activation of PI3K/AKT pathway is specifically related to the lack of JNK3. The data obtained in this study demonstrates activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in Jnk3 null mice through the increase of pik3cb transcript.
2010-12-01 | GSE22267 | GEO
Project description:JNK is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and there are three genes that encode for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 respectively. JNK3 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and it plays a crucial role in neuronal death in several neurodegenerative diseases, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. By contrast, the isoforms JNK1 and JNK2 seem to be involved in brain development. The lack of Jnk3 gene confers neuroprotection, although the specific mechanism underlying this has yet to be elucidated. The present study analyze the gene expression profiling in mice lacking Jnk3, comparing them to wild-type mice. The microarray analysis showed that 22 genes are differentially expressed in Jnk3 null mice. Of these we focused in pik3cb, since it is directly related to the pro-survival PI3K/AKT pathway. Results from Jnk3 null mice showed an increase in pik3cb transcript, together with an increase in PI3K activity and hyperphosphorylation of AKT. By contrast, these changes were not observed in Jnk1 null mice, indicating that activation of PI3K/AKT pathway is specifically related to the lack of JNK3. The data obtained in this study demonstrates activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in Jnk3 null mice through the increase of pik3cb transcript. We performed arrays from Jnk3 null mice respect wilde-type mice. For each experiment (sample) a RNA pool from hippocampus form three different mice were used. Moreover, a second independent hybridization were done with new sample of RNA (sample 2). The genes differentially expressed were determined based on the results from both samples.
2010-12-01 | E-GEOD-22267 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Aberrant biliary hyperproliferation resulting from lack of differentiating signals favoring the maintenance of an immature and proliferative phenotype by biliary epithelial cells are ultimately responsible for ducto/cystogenesis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) formation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is pivotal for CCA-related tumorigenesis. In particular, targeted inhibition of JNK signaling has shown therapeutic potential. However, the cell-type specific role and mechanisms triggered by JNK in liver parenchymal cells during CCA remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of JNK function in hepatocytes in experimental carcinogenesis. JNK signaling in hepatocytes was inhibited by crossing AlbCre-JNK1LoxP/LoxP mice with JNK2-deficient mice to generate Jnk1LoxP/LoxP/Jnk2−/− (JNKΔhepa) mice. JNKΔhepa mice were further interbred with hepatocyte-specific Nemo-knockout mice (NEMOΔhepa), a model of chronic liver inflammation and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis, to generate NEMO/JNKΔhepa mice. The impact of JNK deletion on liver damage, cell death, compensatory proliferation, fibrogenesis, and tumor development in NEMOΔhepa mice was determined. Moreover, regulation of essential genes was assessed by RT-PCR, immunoblottings and immunostains. Additionally, JNK2 inhibition, specifically in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice, was performed using siRNA (siJnk2) nanodelivery. Finally, active signaling pathways were blocked using specific inhibitors. Compound deletion of JNK1 and JNK2 in hepatocytes diminished hepatocarcinogenesis in both the DEN model of hepatocarcinogenesis and in NEMOΔhepa mice, but, in contrast, caused massive proliferation of the biliary ducts. Indeed, JNK deficiency in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa (NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa) animals caused elevated fibrosis, increased apoptosis, increased compensatory proliferation, and elevated inflammatory cytokines expression, but reduced hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, siJnk2 treatment in NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice recapitulated the phenotype of NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Next, we sought to investigate the impact of molecular pathways in response to compound JNK deficiency in NEMOΔhepa mice. We found that NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa livers exhibited overexpression of the IL-6/Stat3 pathway in addition to EGFR-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade. The functional relevance was tested by administering lapatinib - a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of ErbB2 and EGFR signaling - to NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Lapatinib effectively inhibited cystogenesis, improved transaminases and effectively blocked EGFR-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling. Our study defines a novel function of JNK in cell fate as well as hepatocarcinogenesis and opens new therapeutic avenues devised to inhibit pathways of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
2020-06-08 | GSE140498 | GEO
Project description:Analysis of JNK-dependent fibroblast-derived soluble factors at gene expression level. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that loss of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2, JNK1 and JNK2, in MEFs causes a strong alteration of the gene expression program coding for soluble factors, which promote an efficient keratinocyte differentiation. Results provide important information of the repertoire of fibroblast transcripts encoding secreted proteins, which is severely disarranged upon loss of JNK activity under the in vitro co-culture conditions applied. In vitro transwell co-culture experiments were performed using jnk1-/-jnk2-/- or wildtype immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and differentiating primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) over a time course of 6 days. Every second day, fibroblast-loaded inserts were changed resulting in 3 triads (triads 1, 2, and 3). Total RNA was obtained from jnk1-/-jnk2-/- and wildtype immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) prior to co-cultivation (day 0) and of each triad 1, 2, or 3.
2013-11-26 | E-GEOD-48612 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Analysis of JNK-dependent fibroblast-derived soluble factors at gene expression level. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that loss of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2, JNK1 and JNK2, in MEFs causes a strong alteration of the gene expression program coding for soluble factors, which promote an efficient keratinocyte differentiation. Results provide important information of the repertoire of fibroblast transcripts encoding secreted proteins, which is severely disarranged upon loss of JNK activity under the in vitro co-culture conditions applied.
2013-11-26 | GSE48612 | GEO
Project description:Analysis of keratinocyte differentiation in presence or absence of fibroblast-derived JNK-dependent soluble factors in vitro. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that JNK-dependent fibroblast-derived soluble factors promote an efficient keratinocyte differentiation. Results provide important information about reduced expression of a subset of differentiation associated genes in keratinocytes in the absence of JNK-dependent fibroblast-derived soluble factors. In vitro transwell co-culture experiments were performed using jnk1-/-jnk2-/- or wildtype immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and differentiating primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) over a time course of 6 days. Total RNA was obtained from NHEK prior to cultivation with MEFs (day 0) and every second day (days 2, 4, and 6) during co-culture. MEFs have been described previously in Sabapathy et al. (2004) Mol Cell 15:713-25.
2013-11-26 | E-GEOD-48613 | biostudies-arrayexpress