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Mannose is crucial for mesoderm specification and symmetry breaking in gastruloids

ABSTRACT: Patterning and growth are fundamental features of embryonic development that must be tightly coordinated during morphogenesis. As metabolism can control cell growth while also providing mechanistic links to developmental signalling pathways, it is ideally placed to enable this coordination. To understand how metabolism impacts early mesoderm specification, we used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived gastruloids, as these enable temporal control over metabolic manipulations and can be generated in large quantities. Gastruloids show mosaic expression of two glucose transporters,Slc2a1andSlc2a3both of which co-express with the expression of both the mesodermal markerT/Braand the neural markerSox2. To understand the significance of cellular glucose uptake in development, we used the glucose metabolism inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). 2-DG specifically blocks the expression ofT/Brawithout affecting the expression ofSox2and abolishes axial elongation in gastruloids. Surprisingly, removing glucose completely from the medium did not phenocopy 2-DG treatment despite a significant decline in glycolytic intermediates occurring under both conditions. As 2-DG can also act as a competitive inhibitor of mannose, we added mannose together with 2-DG and found that it could rescue the mesoderm specification. Together, our results show that while mannose is crucial for mesoderm specification, the glycolytic pathway is dispensable at early stages ofT/Braexpression in gastruloids.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE236887 | GEO | 2024/03/11

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Hepatic fat accumulation has been widely associated with diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aim to characterize the metabolic response that high fat availability elicits in livers prior to development of these diseases. We find that, after a short term on high fat diet, otherwise healthy mice show elevated hepatic glucose metabolization, activated glucose uptake, glycolysis and glucose contribution to serine as well as elevated pyruvate carboxylase activity compared to control diet mice. To understand other changes in the liver tissue after high fat diet exposure, we conducted untargeted transcriptomics and proteomics. This glucose phenotype occurred independent from transcriptional or proteomic programming, which identified increased peroxisomal and lipid metabolism pathways. Interestingly, we observe that high fat diet fed mice exhibit an increased lactate production when challenged with glucose. This trait seems to find a parallel in a human cohort, where we observe a correlation between waist circumference and lactate secretion after an oral glucose bolus across healthy individuals. In an in vitro model of hepatoma cells, we found physiologically relevant palmitate exposure stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose uptake, a similar glycolytic phenotype to the in vivo study. This effect is inhibited upon interference with peroxisomal lipid metabolism and ROS production. Furthermore, we find that with exposure to an HCC-inducing hepatic carcinogen, continuation of high fat diet enhances the formation of HCC (100% with resectable tumors) as compared to control (50% with resectable tumors) in mice. However, regardless of the dietary background, all murine tumors showed similar alterations in glucose metabolism compared to those identified in fat exposed non-transformed mouse livers. Further, the presence of tumors in high fat diet exposed mice normalized glucose tolerance. Lipidomics analysis of tumor tissue and liver tissue from high fat diet exposed mice identified tumor tissue enrichment of diacylglycerol (DG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) species. Some of these species were also increased in high fat diet liver tissue compared to control diet liver tissue. These findings suggest that fat can induce similar metabolic changes in non-transformed liver cells than found in HCC, and that peroxisomal metabolism of lipids may be a factor in driving a glycolytic metabolism In conclusion, we show that normal, non-transformed livers respond to fat by inducing glucose metabolism.

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Mannose is crucial for mesoderm specification and symmetry breaking in gastruloids

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