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Early-life Exposure to Montelukast Causes Autism Spectrum Disorder through Impairing Neuronal Retinoic Acid Signaling [scRNA-Seq]

ABSTRACT: Globally, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1.0-2.5% of human newborns, with non-genetic risk factors estimated to contribute to over 50% ASD cases through yet elusive mechanisms. Montelukast (MTK), a leukotriene receptor antagonist and FDA-approved anti-asthma drug, was found to potently disrupt retinoic acid (RA) signaling, and substantially increase the risk of ASD in humans when used during pregnancy or in early childhood, according to prospective and retrospective cohort studies. Both maternal and postnatal exposure to montelukast caused autistic-like behaviors in rat offspring. Montelukast also altered brain regional patterning through disrupting RA signaling in human cerebral organoids, similar to DEAB, an established inhibitor of RA-synthesizing ALDH1As. Mechanistically, montelukast was found to directly bind to retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) and impair RARα heterodimer formation to disrupt RA signaling. Altogether, this work highlighted not only the developmental origin of ASD, but the utmost importance in cautioned use of medicinal chemicals during maternity or early childhood to prevent psychiatric disorders, e.g. ASD.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE241071 | GEO | 2026/03/16

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:We defined the RARα interactome in the MDA-MB453 breast cancer cell line genetically engineered to over-express an N-terminally tagged version of the nuclear retinoic acid receptor. Twenty eight nuclear proteins which interact with RARα and whose interaction is stimulated or reduced by the pan-RAR ligand, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were identified. Given the potential significance of the S100A3 calcium-binding protein in the control of tumor progression, we focused our attention on this factor. Using the two models represented by the ATRA-sensitive SKBR3 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines characterized by constitutive expression of S100A3 and RARα, we demonstrate that the endogenous forms of S100A3 and RARα interact in physiological conditions. The interaction of S100A3 with RARα is cell context independent and it is observed not only in breast cancer but also in acute promyelocytioc leukemia (APL) cells, characterized by expression of the RARα-derived PML-RARα oncogene, which is the product of the t(15:17) chromosomal translocation. S100A3 interacts directly and specifically with RARα and PML-RARα, being unable to bind other members of the RAR/RXR family of retinoid nuclear receptors. The interaction surface maps to the carboxyl-terminal region of the RARα ligand binding domain. Binding of S100A3 to RARα and PML-RARα controls the constitutive and ATRA-dependent degradation of the two receptors. Silencing of the S100A3 gene decreases the amounts of RARα in breast SK-BR-3 and lung A549 cancer cells, rendering them more refractory to the anti-proliferative action of ATRA. In SK-BR-3 cells, this effect is accompanied by a decrease in the lactogenic/differentiating action of ATRA. In APL-derived NB4 cells, S100A3 knock-down reduces the amounts of both RARα and PML-RARα. Contemporaneous down-regulation of the two receptors is associated with an increase in the basal and ATRA-induced expression of many granulocytic differentiation markers. Opposite on RARα and PML-RARα levels as well as ATRA induced differentiation markers are observed upon over-expression of S100A3 in NB4 cells.

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Early-life Exposure to Montelukast Causes Autism Spectrum Disorder through Impairing Neuronal Retinoic Acid Signaling [scRNA-Seq]

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