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Targeting the FOXP3–T-bet interaction to restore Treg stability in IFN-γ–driven autoimmunity

ABSTRACT: Regulatory T cell (Treg) stability is maintained by dynamic remodeling of the FOXP3 transcriptional complex, and its disruption leads to Treg dysfunction and immune dysregulation. However, how specific FOXP3 mutations alter the dynamic remodeling of the FOXP3-complex and thereby contribute to pathogenic Treg reprogramming in IPEX syndrome remains unclear. Here, by uncovering the distinctive pathogenesis of FOXP3V408M mutation in IPEX syndrome, we demonstrate that the FOXP3–T-bet interaction fine-tunes Treg function by repressing IFN-γ production, thereby preventing Th1-driven inflammation. Using an AI-driven virtual screening approach, we identified a first-in-class small molecule, 430C10, that directly binds FOXP3 and reinforces its interaction with T-bet. 430C10 robustly suppressed Treg-derived IFN-γ production and alleviated IFN-γ-driven tissue inflammation in FOXP3V408M knock-in mice as well as in models of acute colitis. Collectively, these findings establish the FOXP3–T-bet interaction as a central checkpoint governing Treg stability and IFN-γ-driven Th1 pathology, providing proof-of-concept that pharmacologic stabilization of FOXP3–T-bet interaction can mitigate IFN-γ–driven immune disorders.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE253095 | GEO | 2025/12/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Targeting the FOXP3–T-bet interaction to restore Treg stability in IFN-γ–driven autoimmunity

Project description:Regulatory T cell (Treg) stability is maintained by dynamic remodeling of the FOXP3 transcriptional complex, and its disruption leads to Treg dysfunction and immune dysregulation. However, how specific FOXP3 mutations alter the dynamic remodeling of the FOXP3-complex and thereby contribute to pathogenic Treg reprogramming in IPEX syndrome remains unclear. Here, by uncovering the distinctive pathogenesis of FOXP3V408M mutation in IPEX syndrome, we demonstrate that the FOXP3–T-bet interaction fine-tunes Treg function by repressing IFN-γ production, thereby preventing Th1-driven inflammation. Using an AI-driven virtual screening approach, we identified a first-in-class small molecule, 430C10, that directly binds FOXP3 and reinforces its interaction with T-bet. 430C10 robustly suppressed Treg-derived IFN-γ production and alleviated IFN-γ-driven tissue inflammation in FOXP3V408M knock-in mice as well as in models of acute colitis. Collectively, these findings establish the FOXP3–T-bet interaction as a central checkpoint governing Treg stability and IFN-γ-driven Th1 pathology, providing proof-of-concept that pharmacologic stabilization of FOXP3–T-bet interaction can mitigate IFN-γ–driven immune disorders.

2025-12-31 | GSE253096 | GEO

Targeting the FOXP3–T-bet interaction to restore Treg stability in IFN-γ–driven autoimmunity

2025-12-31 | GSE252227 | GEO

Targeting the FOXP3–T-bet interaction to restore Treg stability in IFN-γ–driven autoimmunity [CUT&Tag/ATAC-seq]

Project description:IPEX syndrome is a rare spontaneous autoimmune disease caused by the deficiency or mutations of FOXP3, the dominant transcription factor of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, by exploring the pathogenic mechanism of IPEX syndrome, we identified for the first time that FOXP3 physically interacted with T-bet to repress IFNγ production in Tregs. This interaction, independent of T-bet abundance, was essential for restraining IFNγ-mediated Th1 immune response and preventing Treg perturbation. Notably, FOXP3 p.V408M mutation disrupted FOXP3-T-bet interaction, unleashing T-bet-driven IFNγ excessive production and Treg perturbation characterized by impaired suppressive activity on extrinsic Th1 immune response.

2025-12-31 | GSE252269 | GEO

Regulatory T cells require the phosphatase PTEN to restrain type 1 and follicular helper T-cell responses

Project description:The interplay between effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells is crucial for adaptive immunity, but how Treg control effector cell flexibility is elusive. We found that the phosphatase PTEN links Treg stability to the repression of TH1 and TFH (follicular helper) responses. Depletion of PTEN in Treg resulted in excessive TFH and germinal center responses and spontaneous inflammatory disease. These defects are considerably blocked by deletion of Interferon-γ, indicating coordinated control of TH1 and TFH responses. Mechanistically, PTEN maintains Treg stability and proper metabolic balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial fitness. Moreover, PTEN deficiency markedly upregulates mTORC2-Akt activity, and loss of this activity restores PTEN-deficient Treg function. Our studies establish a PTEN-mTORC2 axis that actively maintains Treg stability and coordinates Treg-mediated control of effector cell flexibility. We used microarrays to explore the gene expression profiles differentially expressed in CD4+CD25+Foxp3-YFP+ Treg cells from wild-type (WT; C57BL/6 crossed with Foxp3-Cre) and Ptenfl/flFoxp3-Cre (Ptenfl/fl mice crossed with Foxp3-Cre) mice

2015-01-05 | E-GEOD-63625 | biostudies-arrayexpress

CXCR3+ Treg cells suppress Th1-immune responses through expression of the co-inhibitory receptors CD85k and Lag-3

Project description:CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing excessive immune responses. In the context of Th1 immune responses, co-expression of the Th1 transcription factor T-bet with Foxp3 is essential for Treg cells to control Th1 responses. T-bet-dependent expression of CXCR3 directs Tregs to the site of inflammation, however, the suppressive mediators enabling effective control of Th1 responses at this site are unknown. In this study, we determined the signature of CXCR3+ Treg cells arising in Th1 settings and defined universal features of Treg cells in this context using multiple Th1-dominated models. Our analysis defined a set of Th1-specific co-inhibitory receptors that are specifically expressed in Treg cells during Th1 immune responses. Among these, we identified the novel co-inhibitory receptor CD85k as a functional mediator of the enhanced suppression of Th1 effector cells by CXCR3+ Treg cells.

2018-06-30 | E-MTAB-6156 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Distinct roles for IL-27 and IFN-g in the development of T-bet+ Treg required to limit infection-induced pathology

Project description:IL-27 is a potent antagonist of TH1-mediated inflammation, but the basis for this effect is not fully understood. Recent studies identified a population of T-bet+ CXCR3+ Treg that limit TH1-mediated immune pathology. The studies presented here demonstrate that IL-27-mediated STAT1 activation promotes Treg expression of T-bet and CXCR3. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii induced a similar Treg population that limits T cell responses and this population at mucosal sites is IL-27-dependent. Furthermore, transfer of Treg ameliorated the infection-induced CD4+ T cell-mediated pathology observed in IL-27p28-/- mice. Although IFN-γ promoted a similar population of cells in the periphery, it did not compensate for the absence of IL-27 at mucosal sites and microarray analysis revealed that Treg exposed to either cytokine have distinct transcriptional profiles. These findings suggest that IFN-γ and IL-27 have different roles in Treg biology but define IL-27 as a key cytokine that promotes the development of Treg specialized to control TH1 immunity. Three conditions were analyzed across two timepoints. Inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg) were generated in vitro in the presence of IL-27, IFNg or under 'Neutral' conditions as a control. Samples were collected at 10 hours and 2 days during the culture period. Three biological replicates were used for each condition.

2012-09-07 | E-GEOD-38686 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Unstableregulatory and autoreactive effector T cells in patients with FOXP3 mutations

Project description:Studies of the monogenic autoimmune disease immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX) have elucidated the essential function of the transcription factor FOXP3 and thymic-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) in controlling peripheral tolerance. However, the presence and the source of autoreactive T cells in IPEX remain undetermined. Here, we investigated how FOXP3 deficiency affects the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and Treg stability in vivo and compared T cell abnormalities in patients with IPEX to those in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APECED). To study Tregs independently of their phenotype and to analyze T cell autoreactivity, we combined Treg-specific demethylation region analyses, single-cell multi-omic profiling, and bulk TCR sequencing. We found that patients with IPEX, unlike patients with APECED, have expanded autoreactive T cells originating from both autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) and Tregs. In addition, a fraction of the expanded Tregs lost their phenotypic and functional markers including CD25 and often also FOXP3. Functional experiments with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated FOXP3 knock-out Treg and Tregs from patients with IPEX indicated that the patients’ Tregs gain a Th2 skewed Teff-like function, which is consistent with immune dysregulation observed in these patients. Analyses of FOXP3 mutation-carrier mothers and a patient with IPEX after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, indicated that Tregs expressing non-mutated FOXP3 prevent the accumulation of autoreactive Teffs and unstable Tregs. Collectively, we describe Treg instability and Teff autoreactivity in patients with IPEX. These findings could be directly used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and for monitoring the effects of immunomodulatory treatments.

2023-12-20 | GSE247274 | GEO

Distinct roles for IL-27 and IFN-g in the development of T-bet+ Treg required to limit infection-induced pathology

2012-09-07 | GSE38686 | GEO

ICOS-deficient Treg cells can prevent spontaneous autoimmunity but are impaired in controlling acute inflammation

Project description:ICOS is induced in activated T cells and its main role is to boost differentiation and function of effector T cells. ICOS is also constitutively expressed in a subpopulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells under steady-state condition. Studies using ICOS germline knockout mice or ICOS-blocking reagents suggested that ICOS has supportive roles in regulatory T (Treg) cell homeostasis, migration, and function. To avoid any compounding effects that may arise from ICOS-deficient non-Treg cells, we generated a conditional knockout system in which ICOS expression is selectively abrogated in Foxp3-expressing cells (ICOS FC mice). Compared to Foxp3-Cre control mice, ICOS FC mice showed a minor numerical deficit of steady-state Treg cells but did not show any signs of spontaneous autoimmunity, indicating that tissue-protective Treg populations do not heavily rely on ICOS costimulation. However, ICOS FC mice showed more severe inflammation in oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity, a model of atopic dermatitis. This correlated with elevated numbers of inflammatory T cells expressing IFN-γ and/or TNF-α in ICOS FC mice compared with the control group. In contrast, elimination of ICOS in all T cell compartments negated the differences, confirming that ICOS has a dual positive role in effector and Treg cells. Single-cell transcriptome analysis suggested that ICOS-deficient Treg cells fail to mature into T-bet+CXCR3+ “Th1-Treg” cells in the draining lymph node. Our results suggest that regimens that preferentially stimulate ICOS pathways in Treg cells might be beneficial for the treatment of Th1-driven inflammation.

2022-07-08 | GSE185254 | GEO

T-bet-depended but IFN-gamma-independent genes in GVHD

Project description:Given T-bet is a master regulator for Th1 differentiation that produce IFN-gamma, underlining mechanisms accounted for the distinct GVHD outcomes caused by T-bet- versus IFN-gamma-deficient donor T cells are unclear. We hypothesize that GVHD is regulated by T-bet-dependent but IFN-gamma-independent molecules. To identify these molecules, we isolated donor T cells from spleen cells of the recipients that were transplanted with WT, T-bet-/- or IFN-gamma-/- CD4 T cells for 7 days. The gene profile of isolated T cells was measured by microarray analysis using GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix) according to the manufacturerM-^Rs instructions. Array images were analyzed and processed by robust multi-array average (RMA) procedure.

2014-10-30 | E-MTAB-2198 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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