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Myeloid progenitor dysregulation fuels immunosuppressive macrophages in tumors.

ABSTRACT: Monocyte–derived macrophages (mo-macs) often drive immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-enhanced myelopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) fuels these populations. Here, we performed paired transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analysis over the continuum of myeloid progenitors, circulating monocytes, and tumor-infiltrating mo-macs in mice and in patients with lung cancer to identify myeloid progenitor programs that fuel pro-tumorigenic mo-macs. We show that lung tumors prime accessibility for Nfe2l2 (NRF2) in BM myeloid progenitors as a cytoprotective response to oxidative stress, enhancing myelopoiesis while dampening interferon response and promoting immunosuppression. NRF2 activity is amplified during monocyte differentiation into mo-macs in the TME to regulate oxidative stress and drive immunosuppressive phenotype. NRF2 genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition significantly reduced mo-macs’ survival and immunosuppression in the TME, restoring NK and T cell antitumor immunity and enhancing checkpoint blockade efficacy. Our findings identify a targetable epigenetic node of myeloid progenitor dysregulation that sustains immunoregulatory mo-macs in the lung TME, highlighting the potential of early interventions to reprogram macrophage fate for improved immunotherapy outcomes.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE270148 | GEO | 2025/07/07

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Myeloid cells, in particular monocytes and macrophages, are well-described to suppress the antitumor immune response. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling immunosuppressive myeloid cell states are ill- defined, hampering the development of myeloid-targeted therapies for cancer1,2. Here, we transcriptionally profiled over 500,000 tumor infiltrating leukocytes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and in the KrasG12DTp53-/- (KP) murine lung adenocarcinoma model. In both species, the Type 2 cytokine IL-4 was predicted to be the primary driver of tumor infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophage (mo-mac) phenotype, despite the fact that lung tumors were largely devoid of IL-4 producing cells. Using a panel of conditional knockout mice, we found that only deletion of IL-4Ra within early myeloid progenitors in bone marrow (BM) reduced lung tumor burden, while deletion of this receptor in downstream mature myeloid cells had no effect. Detailed transcriptional analysis followed by mechanistic studies in vivo revealed an essential role for local BM IL-4 signaling in reprograming myelopoiesis in cancer. Mechanistically, basophils and eosinophils within BM upregulated IL4 production upon sensing distal tumor cues; local BM IL-4 acted on granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to transcriptionally program the development of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, which then homed to the tumor and promoted tumor growth. Consequentially, specific depletion of basophils, which were enriched in BM but absent from the tumor, profoundly reduced tumor burden and normalized myelopoiesis in experimental lung tumors. Prompted by these results, we designed and initiated the first clinical trial of dupilumab, a humanized IL- 4Ra blocking antibody commonly used for atopic disease, given in conjunction with PD-(L)1 blockade in relapsed/refractory NSCLC patients who had progressed on standard chemoimmunotherapy combinations. Consistent with our preclinical mouse data, dupilumab drove a reduction in circulating monocytes. This was coupled with an expansion of circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Notably, one out of the six patients who enrolled in Phase 1b of this trial exhibited significant decrease in his tumor burden after two months of dupilumab treatment, and the clinical response deepened further to a near complete response even after cessation of dupilumab, suggestive of successful reprogramming of the antitumor response. Collectively, our study defines a role for IL-4 signaling in lung tumor progression, identifies a central axis controlling immunosuppressive myelopoiesis in cancer, and highlights a novel combination therapy for immune checkpoint blockade in humans.

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Myeloid progenitor dysregulation fuels immunosuppressive macrophages in tumors.

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