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2-hydroxyglutarate mediates whitening of brown adipocytes coupled to nuclear softening upon mitochondrial dysfunction

ABSTRACT: This study reports accumulation of larger lipid droplets in an adipocyte specific manner upon loss of CLPP. The mitochondria in KO BAT have mild respiratory chain deficiency but no difference in respiratory output at tissue and cellular level. Omics analysis reveals that loss of CLPP leads to tissue remodeling, and is accompanied by pertinent cytoskeletal changes. The metabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates in KO tissue and cells and is possibly produced by the moonlighting function of PHGDH. We further identify 2-HG H3K4me3 methylation changes in epigenome being likely contributing to larger lipid droplets. The study also reports that 2HG mediated whitning is coupled to nuclear softening and changes in nuclear mechanics.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE271207 | GEO | 2025/05/22

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The peptidase ClpP is conserved from bacteria to human. In the mitochondrial matrix, it multimerizes and forms a macromolecular proteasome-like cylinder. Because of its known relevance for the mitochondrial unfolded protein response during cell stress, we characterized two ClpP knock-out mouse founder lines and documented similar phenotypes. Ubiquitously, ClpP absence led to accumulation of its interactor protein ClpX without transcript upregulation. Interestingly, most wild-type tissues with substantial ClpP amounts had no detectable ClpX. This inverse correlation suggests that ClpX levels and degradation are regulated by ClpP. The expectation of similar protein levels, in view of a reported association of heptameric ClpP rings with hexameric ClpX rings, was confirmed only in testis of wild-type animals. Germline tissue was exceptional also in its vulnerability to ClpP deletion, with both founder lines showing complete infertility for males and females. Otherwise, ubiquitous mitochondrial dysfunction was apparent from severe growth retardation and reduced spontaneous motor activity of the animals, and from a pronounced decrease in pre-/postnatal survival. Spermatogenesis was found aborted at the spermatid stage, acrosomes and axonemes were not formed. Overall, tissue-specific roles of ClpP were evident by this massive effect for germ cells, mild bioenergetic deficits in muscle and liver tissues, and excellent compensation in brain. ClpX was previously reported to chaperone unfolded proteins and also DNA condensation in mitochondria, so it is likely that this pathway is particularly susceptible in germ cells. In conclusion, our study indicates that the role of ClpP in quality control is indispensable during development for cells with rapid changes of mitochondrial numbers, and is relevant during aging for growth and survival of the organism. Factorial design comparing ClpP knock-out mice with wild type littermates in five different tissues (brain, testis, liver, skeletal and heart muscle)

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2-hydroxyglutarate mediates whitening of brown adipocytes coupled to nuclear softening upon mitochondrial dysfunction

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