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Rapamycin-Gliadin Composite Nanoparticles Enhance Hepato-Splenic Dialogue for Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease

ABSTRACT: Background Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, with gliadin as the primary antigen. Therapies targeting gliadin to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance are of significant interest. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a novel rapamycin-gliadin composite nanoparticle (PLN-GR) in enhancing Kupffer cell-mediated hepato-splenic dialogue to promote gluten tolerance in CeD. Methods Rapamycin-gliadin composite nanoparticles were synthesized using a precipitation self-assembly method and characterized for size, zeta potential, and cellular uptake. A CeD delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mouse model was employed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of PLN-GR. Cellular biodistribution, immune phenotyping, and metabolic assessments were conducted to elucidate the nanoparticles' mechanism of action. Results Rapamycin-gliadin composite nanoparticles effectively targeted the liver and were internalized by Kupffer cells, inducing a tolerogenic phenotype. In vivo treatment with PLN-GR ameliorated systemic and intestinal inflammation in the CeD DTH mouse model, evidenced by reduced paw swelling and intestinal histopathology. The nanoparticles induced a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in macrophages, associated with increased itaconate production. This metabolic reprogramming was linked to an increase in PD-L1+ tolerogenic dendritic cells and a decrease in Th1 cell counts in the spleen. Conclusion The study demonstrates that rapamycin-gliadin nanoparticles can induce antigen-specific tolerance in CeD by modulating hepatic and splenic immune responses. The findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for CeD by enhancing immunometabolic reprogramming and inter-organ communication.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE275197 | GEO | 2025/07/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Coeliac Disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting 0.5-1% of the general population with a wide geographical distribution. Despite recent efforts to deeply phenotype gluten-specific immune activation at the single cell level, recent clinical studies targeting gluten degradation and other immune tolerance mechanisms have been unsuccessful. To this end, a deeper understanding of immune and non-immune cellular dynamics and interactions are required to characterize tissue-specific mechanisms responsible for CeD pathogenesis, repair, and resolution. Here, we assembled the most comprehensive scRNAseq dataset in Coeliac Disease to date, including 203,555 cells across 21 active CeD and 11 control duodenal samples. Compared to control duodenum, CeD was characterized by single cell differential changes in abundance, gene expression and cell-cell interactions across cellular compartments. In the immune compartments, CeD samples showed expected increases in plasma cell abundance and shifts toward type 1 effector biology (e.g., increase in cycling CD8pos, γδ T cells and IFNG transcriptional shifts) and Tfh-related biology (e.g., increases in IL21 signaling to effector T cells). In addition, activated myeloid subsets, including DC2 and monocytes, were increased in disease and were characterized by increased pro-inflammatory pathway expression, including IL-1β. Non-immune compartments showed increased stem/crypt and secretory enterocytes in CeD samples with a decrease in absorptive enterocytes, reflecting the villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia hallmarks of CeD epithelial dysfunction. Accompanying the epithelial changes, distinct changes in stromal populations were identified, particularly with increases in abundance and transcriptional activity of NRG1 and SMOC2 fibroblasts. Cell-cell interaction analysis across multiple cellular compartments proposed a distinct increased role of fibroblasts to support the epithelial reprogramming of the increased stem/crypt epithelial fraction in CeD, mediated by myeloid derived IL-1β signal and lymphoid-derived IFN-γ. This dataset reveals a previously unknown role for T-myeloid-stromal-epithelial cell communication in CeD, highlighting key mechanisms of the tissue-level cellular dynamics in response to gluten ingestion.

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Rapamycin-Gliadin Composite Nanoparticles Enhance Hepato-Splenic Dialogue for Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease

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