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Fruit surface topography, timely transcriptional responses, and reduced susceptibility factors enhance anthracnose resistance in papaya

ABSTRACT: Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum spp., leads to significant postharvest losses in papaya fruit. In this study, we identified a papaya genotype with quantitative resistance to anthracnose and investigated the mechanisms underlying this resistance using microscopy, fruit physicochemical analyses, and transcriptomics. The resistant genotype exhibited several beneficial traits compared to a susceptible genotype, including a thicker cuticular layer, lower stomatal density, greater firmness, and lower total soluble sugars. These characteristics can be considered preformed barriers or constitutive defenses or correlate with reduced susceptibility factors. We also found that the resistant genotype responds more rapidly to fungal presence by synthesizing components that maintain surface and cell wall integrity, such as cutin and cuticular elements, and by depositing callose. In contrast, the susceptible genotype had accumulated more susceptibility factors, including elevated sugar content and activation of CW-degrading enzymes. While the susceptible genotype had a more robust immune response at the later stages of infection, the combination of susceptibility factors and a delayed response to the pathogen was insufficient to control the disease. This study highlights the need to characterize potential susceptibility factors and physicochemical traits to better understand fruit-pathogen interactions. Such knowledge can provide breeding programs with strong targets for developing crop varieties that are less susceptible to fungal diseases yet maintain quality traits that consumers expect.

ORGANISM(S): Carica papaya

PROVIDER: GSE281201 | GEO | 2025/07/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a commercially important crop that produces climacteric fruits with a soft and sweet pulp that contain a wide range of health promoting phytochemicals. Despite its importance, little is known about transcriptional modifications during fruit ripening and its control. In this study we report the analysis of ripe papaya transcriptome by using a cross-species (XSpecies) microarray technique based on the phylogenetic proximity between papaya and Arabidopsis thaliana. Results: Papaya transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 414 ripening-related genes and some of them had their expression validated by qPCR. The transcription profile was then compared with that from ripening tomato and grape. Overall, the transcriptomics analysis revealed many similarities between ripening in papaya and tomato especially with respect to primary metabolism, regulation of transcription, biotic and abiotic stress and cell wall metabolism. XSpecies microarray data indicate that transcription factors (TFs) of the MADS-box, NAC and AP2/ERF gene families are involved in the control of papaya ripening and reveal that cell wall-related gene expression in papaya showed similarities to the expression profiles seen in A. thaliana during hypocotyl development. Conclusion: The cross-species array experiment was successful in identifying ripening-related genes in papaya. The data indicated common and diverse elements of transcription control between fruit bearing taxa and has also indicated a possible distinct co-evolutionary mechanism for papaya cell wall disassembling system. The present study represents new topics for future researches that would help complement the structural genomic data provided by the papaya genome, since there is no gene-chip available for this plant organism. Papaya ripe transcriptome was analysed using mRNA extracted from unripe and ripe fruit from 2 replicates. After microarray hybridization in ATH1-121501 chip, data were normalized against data generated by papaya DNA hybridization in another ATH1-121501 chip and analysed using perl algorithms (masks).

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Fruit surface topography, timely transcriptional responses, and reduced susceptibility factors enhance anthracnose resistance in papaya

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