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Understanding TAK1 deficiency in microglia: Dual mechanisms for photoreceptor protection in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

ABSTRACT: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal disease characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptors. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of RP and its progression. Previous studies have suggested that the transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a pivotal role in regulating acute and chronic neuroinflammation. However, the functional role of TAK1 in neuroinflammation remains unclear in RP. Here, we observed TAK1 upregulation in activated microglia of the rd10 mouse model of RP. To create the conditional deletion of TAK1 in microglia, we backcrossed Cx3cr1CreER/CreER mice and Tak1fl/fl mice onto rd10 background. We found that both heterozygous (rd10;Cx3cr1CreER/+;Tak1fl/+) and homozygous (rd10;Cx3cr1CreER/+;Tak1fl/fl) deletion of microglial TAK1 slowed down photoreceptor degeneration but with distinct mechanisms. The heterozygous TAK1 deficiency resulted in a reduction in the activation and proliferation of microglia and the release of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. In contrast, the homozygous TAK1 deficiency induced apoptosis in microglia via the TNF/RIPK1/CASP3 signaling pathway, contributing to the reduction of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity and subsequent preservation of photoreceptors in RP. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial role of TAK1 in the survival and activation of microglia. We propose that targeting microglial TAK1, considering its expression levels and subsequent signal transduction, could offer a promising personalized therapeutic strategy for individuals with RP regardless of underlying genetic causes.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE290933 | GEO | 2025/04/17

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Microglia is emerging as a key player in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In pediatric neurodegenerative diseases like mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPSIII), the progressive accumulation of abnormal glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) induces a severe neuroinflammation by triggering a microglial production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines via TLR4-dependent pathway.We have already shown the essential role of microglia in the development of neuroinflammation but the extent of its contribution in the neuropathology of MPSIII still remains unclear. Microglia interacts with other cells in the CNS via several mechanisms, including extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Although EVs have been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of adult neurodegenerative diseases, no reports have addressed the proteins and small RNAs profile of EVs released by microglia in the context of MPS and the effect of these EVs on neuronal functions. Here, we isolated EVs sub-populations from conditioned media of the murine BV-2 microglial cell line treated with GAG purified from urines of MPSIII patients and from age-matched unaffected children. By label-free quantitative proteomic using LC-MS/MS, we showed that MPS III-EVs are enriched in proteins involved in the inflammatory response and more specifically in neuroinflammation. On the other hand, proteins involved in axonal guidance, myelination or synaptogenesis were less abundant in MPSIII-EVs. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that MPSIII-EVs are highly enriched in 4 miRNAs - miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-221-3p and miR-100-5p, also involved in neuroinflammation and neurodevelopment pathways. Moreover, we showed by immunofluorescence on primary cortical neurons isolated from wild type pups that MPSIII microglia-EVs reduce neurites total area, impair dendritic arborization, with a higher number of immature dendritic spines and also cause an increase in soma swelling, thus inducing a phenotype close to that observed in MPSIII brain mice. Theses findings uncover that MPSIII microglia-EVs can deliver a specific molecular message to surrounding naive cells and thus propagate neuroinflammation and deprive neurons of neurodevelopmental molecules.This work is the first report on the content of EVs released by MPSIII microglia and reveals a disease-associated signature, providing a framework for future studies on biomarkers to evaluate efficiency of emerging therapies.

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Understanding TAK1 deficiency in microglia: Dual mechanisms for photoreceptor protection in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

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