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Targeting CD11b+ regulatory B cells via RAS/RAF/PI3K pathway inhibition augments response to immune checkpoint blockade or CD40 agonism in metastatic melanoma

ABSTRACT: Abstract Development of effective second-line treatment options for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistant patients with BRAFWTNRASWT or BRAFWTNRASmut melanoma is crucial. While systemic delivery of agonist CD40 (aCD40) plus anti-PD1 (αPD1) showed activity in patients with ICB-resistant melanoma, the objective response rate was modest (15%), in part due to induction of B regulatory cells (Bregs) which suppress CD8+ effector T cells. We previously reported that RAS/RAF/PI3K-inhibition elevated CD40 expression in melanoma cells and sensitized tumors to ICB. Here, we show that treatment of ICB-resistant BRAFWTNRASWT and BRAFWTNRASmut melanoma tumors with the combination of rigosertib (RGS), a RAS/PI3K/AKT-pathway inhibitor, and/or trametinib (T), a MEK1/2 inhibitor, plus aCD40 overcomes ICB resistance. Overexpression of CD40 in melanoma cells effectively reverses ICB-resistance and induces tumor regression upon aCD40+αPD1 treatment. Mechanistically, RGS+T suppressed aCD40-associated CD11b+PD-L1+ B regulatory cells (B11regs), which promoted CD8+ T-cell killing in melanoma. scRNA-Seq analyses confirmed CD40-associated B11regs across cancer types in patients. Statement of Significance Addition of aCD40 treatment to PD1 fails to overcome ICB resistance due to aCD40-induction of B11regs and low expression of CD40 in melanoma cells. Our data demonstrate that addition of RAS/RAF/PI3K inhibitors to aCD40 resolves these issues and provides alternative therapeutic options for ICB-resistant BRAFWTNRASWT or BRAFWTNRASmut metastatic melanoma.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE291447 | GEO | 2025/10/23

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Pappalardo2016 - PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Melanoma Cancer This model is described in the article: Computational Modeling of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Melanoma Cancer. Pappalardo F, Russo G, Candido S, Pennisi M, Cavalieri S, Motta S, McCubrey JA, Nicoletti F, Libra M. PLoS ONE 2016; 11(3): e0152104 Abstract: Malignant melanoma is an aggressive tumor of the skin and seems to be resistant to current therapeutic approaches. Melanocytic transformation is thought to occur by sequential accumulation of genetic and molecular alterations able to activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and/or the PI3K/AKT (AKT) signalling pathways. Specifically, mutations of B-RAF activate MAPK pathway resulting in cell cycle progression and apoptosis prevention. According to these findings, MAPK and AKT pathways may represent promising therapeutic targets for an otherwise devastating disease.Here we show a computational model able to simulate the main biochemical and metabolic interactions in the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways potentially involved in melanoma development. Overall, this computational approach may accelerate the drug discovery process and encourages the identification of novel pathway activators with consequent development of novel antioncogenic compounds to overcome tumor cell resistance to conventional therapeutic agents. The source code of the various versions of the model are available as S1 Archive. This model is hosted on BioModels Database and identified by: MODEL1609190000. To cite BioModels Database, please use: BioModels Database: An enhanced, curated and annotated resource for published quantitative kinetic models. To the extent possible under law, all copyright and related or neighbouring rights to this encoded model have been dedicated to the public domain worldwide. Please refer to CC0 Public Domain Dedication for more information.

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Targeting CD11b+ regulatory B cells via RAS/RAF/PI3K pathway inhibition augments response to immune checkpoint blockade or CD40 agonism in metastatic melanoma

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