Testing the effects of two different exposure paradigms on transcriptomic-based chemical risk assessment using the flame retardant Triphenyl Phosphate.
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Danio rerio
PROVIDER: GSE291969 | GEO | 2025/12/04
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Testing the effects of two different exposure paradigms on transcriptomic-based chemical risk assessment using the flame retardant Triphenyl Phosphate.
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Project description:There have been many attempts to compile comprehensive lists of flame retardants. However, this goal has proven challenging due to the heterogeneity of compounds that can be used as flame retardants coupled with changes in formulation chemistry over time. Flame retardants have been the focus of many recent existing hazard, exposure, and risk assessments. These assessments have been class-based or for individual chemical substances. Here, diverse sets of publicly available data sources from governmental organizations and the open literature were compiled to develop an inventory of chemicals used as flame retardants and organohalogen flame retardants. The chemical substances from these data sources were mapped to appropriate chemical identifiers via manual curation and deduplicated. Despite different data sources containing a large number of overlapping chemical substances, compiling information from multiple data sources was found to increase the breadth of potential flame retardant chemistries. The flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant inventories were developed as a resource for scientists interested in better understanding properties of flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant classes. Measurement(s)chemical use informationTechnology Type(s)manual and automated literature collection
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Project description:Upholstered furniture is often manufactured with polyurethane foam (PUF) containing flame retardants (FRs) to prevent the risk of a fire and/or to meet flammability regulations, however, exposure to certain FRs and other chemicals have been linked to adverse health effects. This study developed a new methodology for evaluating volatile organic compound (VOC) and FR exposures to users of upholstered furniture by simulating use of a chair in a controlled exposure chamber and assessing the health significance of measured chemical exposure. Chairs with different fire-resistant technologies were evaluated for VOC and FR exposures via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact exposure routes. Data show that VOC exposure levels are lower than threshold levels defined by the US and global indoor air criteria. Brominated FRs were not detected from the studied chairs. The organophosphate FRs added to PUF were released into the surrounding air (0.4 ng/m3 ) and as dust (16 ng/m2 ). Exposure modeling showed that adults are exposed to FRs released from upholstered furniture mostly by dermal contact and children are exposed via dermal and ingestion exposure. Children are most susceptible to FR exposure/dose (2 times higher average daily dose than adults) due to their frequent hand to mouth contact.
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Project description:We herein report a new vitrimer system integrated with UV curability, recyclability, and flame retardancy. Energy-efficiency, sustainability, and safety have been required features for next-generation polymer materials. Various attempts have been made to endow thermoset polymers with rapid prototyping capacity, recyclability, and flame retardancy. Thermoset vitrimers based on covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are recyclable and remoldable but are generally not UV curable or flame retardant. Here, we present a conceptually novel option to achieve fast exchange reactions in CANs via catalyst-free mixed transesterification of a UV curable phosphate diester-based acrylate cross-linker. In this system, the phosphate diesters serve as reversible covalent bonds, hydrogen bonding ligands, and flame-retardant structures, while acrylate groups serve as UV curable units as well as transesterification collaborators. After the facile UV curing, an intrinsic flame-retardant and mechanically strong dynamic network was achieved due to abundant hydrogen bonds between P-OH and C═O structures. Additionally, this highly cross-linked network exhibited an attractive recyclability even at temperatures lower than Tg. This phosphate diester-based mixed transesterification concept represents an efficient approach for developing multifunctional vitrimers and can also be generalized into other thermally cured polymer systems.
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Project description:The combination of synergistic agents with intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) is an excellent strategy for the development of high-performance flame retardant composites. Zirconium-based compounds are multifunctional materials with applications in various fields. In this study, zirconium-based compounds were synthesized and then combined with an IFR composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) to prepare flame retardant high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) and two organic-inorganic hybrids (zirconium organophosphonate), Zr-ATMP and Zr-PA, were prepared using amino tri (methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP) and phytic acid (PA), respectively, and their thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, tensile test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that the LOI value of HD/IFR/Zr-ATMP composite reached a maximum of 26.2% using 25 wt% of flame retardant containing 3 wt% of Zr-ATMP. Of the three zirconium-based compounds, Zr-ATMP and α-ZrP can reduce the peak heat release rate compared with the composite containing only IFR. However, zirconium-based compounds showed no significant improvement of tensile strength.
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Project description:BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been largely replaced by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and alternative brominated flame retardants (Alt-BFRs) to meet flammability requirements. Humans are ubiquitously exposed to some variety of flame retardants through contact with consumer products directly or through household dust.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of house cleaning and hand washing practices to reduce exposure to flame retardants, we measured concentrations in dermal hand wipes and urinary metabolites before and after assignment to two consecutive interventions.MethodsWe selected 32 mother and child dyads from an existing cohort. This analysis focuses on mothers. Participants provided baseline measurements (urine, hand wipes, and questionnaires) and were then assigned for 1 week to either a house cleaning (including instruction on proper technique and cleaning supplies) or hand washing (including instruction on proper technique and soaps) intervention arm. For the second week, participants were assigned to the second intervention in addition to their initial assignment, thus all subjects both washed their hands and cleaned according to the intervention guidelines during week 2. We collected measurements at the end of weeks 1 and 2.ResultsWe found reductions in urinary analytes after week 1 of house cleaning (BCIPHIPP and ip-DPHP), week 1 of hand washing (BCIPP, BCIPHIPP, and tbutyl-DPHP), and week 2 of combined interventions (BCIPHIPP and tbutyl-DPHP), compare to baseline. We found no significant decline in hand wipes in the entire sample but did find reductions after week 1 of house cleaning (BDE 209), week 1 of hand washing (TCEP), and week 2 of combined interventions (TDCIPP and BDE 209) in women with exposure above the median at baseline (verified through simulations).ConclusionsExposure to individual flame retardants was reduced by about half, in some cases, by 1 week of increased hand washing, house cleaning to reduce dust, or combined activities.
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Project description:In this study, to develop an organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardant and to reduce the dosage and cost of flame retardants, organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B), and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were chosen. The flame retardant properties of CP-6B/MH in epoxy resin (EP) were discussed. EP/CP-6B/MH had better flame retardancy and heat resistance compared with EP/CP-6B and EP/MH. A limiting oxygen index of EP/3.0%CP-6B/0.5%MH of 31.9% was achieved, and vertical burning V-0 rating was achieved. Compared with EP, the cone calorimeter dates of EP/CP-6B/MH decreased. CP-6B/MH inhibited combustion and did little to damage mechanical properties. Besides, the flame retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CP-6B/MH exerted good synergistic effects.
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Project description:In this study, a novel flame retardant (PMrG) was developed by self-assembling melamine and phytic acid (PA) onto rGO, and then applying it to the improvement of the flame resistance of PLA. PMrG simultaneously decreases the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the composite during combustion, and enhances the LOI value and the time to ignition (TTI), thus significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. The flame retardant mechanism of the PMrG is also investigated. On one hand, the dehydration of PA and the decomposition of melamine in PMrG generate non-flammable volatiles, such as H2O and NH3, which dilute the oxygen concentration around the combustion front of the composite. On the other hand, the rGO, melamine, and PA components in PMrG create a synergistic effect in promoting the formation of a compact char layer during the combustion, which plays a barrier role and effectively suppresses the release of heat and smoke. In addition, the PMrGs in PLA exert a positive effect on the crystallization of the PLA matrix, thus playing the role of nucleation agent.
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