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Macrophage-intrinsic and IL-9-dependent arginine metabolism promotes lung tumor growth

ABSTRACT: Tumor-associated macrophages are an abundant, tumor-infiltrating cell population that supports the evasion of tumor cells from anti-tumoral immune cell detection by generating an immunosuppressive tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME). The immunosuppressive function of macrophages is dictated by the cytokine environment. IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can be a positive or negative regulator of tumor growth. Our lab previously identified a pro-tumoral role of IL-9 by expanding lung interstitial macrophage populations and inducing the expression of arginase 1 (ARG1) to enhance tumor growth. However, the underlying mechanism by which IL-9R/ARG1+ interstitial macrophages promote tumor progression remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that macrophage-targeting nanoparticles containing Arg1 siRNA can therapeutically reduce tumor burden and reduce pro-tumor arginine-derived metabolite production. Furthermore, using bulk RNA sequencing of lung macrophages isolated from Il9r-/-:WT mixed-bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that IL-9 intrinsically alters the transcriptomic landscape of lung interstitial macrophages. Mechanistically, IL-9 promotes intrinsic Arg1 expression through an IRF4-dependent regulatory pathway and modulates arginine and polyamine concentration within interstitial macrophages and lung tissue, resulting in increased lung tumor growth and altered macrophage phenotypes. Thus, our work defines a pro-tumor mechanism of IL-9-responsive macrophages mediated by altered intrinsic arginine metabolism in lung interstitial macrophages that enhances lung tumor growth.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE292222 | GEO | 2026/03/17

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Cancer immunosuppression involves cellular pathways appropriated by tumors to escape immune surveillance but are normally required for tissue homeostasis and repair, self-tolerance, and successful transplantation. Among these pathways, enzymes that degrade tryptophan and arginine are thought to suppress activated T cells in the tumor microenvironment and are therefore attractive drug targets. However, how amino acid metabolism controls the development and progression of cancer has remained elusive, since commonly used implantable tumor models may not faithfully recapitulate the complex cellular and biochemical interactions within tumor microenvironments. To address this, we generated a novel, penetrant autochthonous model of neuroblastoma to accurately quantify tumor growth non-invasively and simultaneously genetically manipulate the enzymes that mediate tryptophan and arginine metabolism, and the cells that express them. We established that tumor development and growth were dependent on infiltrating CCR2+ bone marrow-derived myeloid cells but independent of Stat6-dependent ‘M2’ macrophages. Macrophages can modulate CD4+ T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation by consuming amino acids and forcing the T cells to remain in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Indeed, we found that CD4+ T cells deprived of arginine increased Foxp3 expression and adopted a unique regulatory-like phenotype. Notably, depletion of CD4+ T cells like CCR2+ macrophages, virtually eliminated tumor formation. When rare tumors did form in CD4-depleted mice, they contained Foxp3+ CD8 T cells, suggesting regulatory T cell activity is a fundamental requirement for tumor development. When we ablated macrophage arginase 1 (Arg1), an enzyme that locally consumes arginine, in the tumor-prone background, almost no tumors were observed. Therefore, Arg1 and arginine metabolism form a pro-tumor pathway. We extended these findings to two pathways of programmed myeloid tryptophan metabolism (IDO1, IDO2, IL4i1). Like Arg1, expression of these enzymes was confined to myeloid cells in humans and mice, and each enzyme was independently essential for tumor formation and growth. The protective effects of genetic ablation of each myeloid amino acid pathways uniformly occurred early in tumor formation, arguing that a network of immune cells controlled by myeloid amino acid metabolism and CD4+ T cells is important for the origins of a pro-tumor environment. Our results establish an unappreciated potency of macrophage amino acid metabolism in promoting malignancy, and suggest that these pathways can be disabled by targeting of myeloid amino acid metabolism. OVA-specific CD4+ T cells were stimulated with peptide in the presence of APCs (CD3-depleted splenocytes) either in control complete RPMI-1640 (containing 10% dialyzed FBS) or in RPMI-1640 (containing 10% dialyzed FBS) containing 1% of the normal arginine levels (12uM) to characterize the effects of limited arginine availability on gene expression.

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Macrophage-intrinsic and IL-9-dependent arginine metabolism promotes lung tumor growth

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