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TGFB1/CXCL5 Axis Regulation by LCN2 Overexpression: A Promising Strategy to Inhibit Colorectal Cancer Metastasis and Enhance Prognosis

ABSTRACT: Background: Distant metastasis remains a major reason for the high recurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving metastasis in CRC remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) on CRC metastasis. Methods: We assessed the expression and clinical significance of LCN2 in human CRC specimens and CRC cell lines using, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analyses. We evaluated the migratory and invasive capabilities of CRC cells influenced by LCN2 using in vitro transwell assays and in vivo lung metastatic models. RNA sequencing and proteome analysis were employed to identify potential downstream targets of LCN2. Rescue experiments were conducted to further elucidate the potential mechanisms of LCN2 and its downstream effectors in CRC. Results: LCN2 exhibited high expression levels in human CRC tissues and an inverse correlation with N classification, advanced AJCC stages, and shorter overall survival. LCN2 expression independently predicted a more favorable outcome for CRC patients. Upregulation of LCN2 effectively suppressed CRC cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) were identified as downstream effectors of LCN2, with LCN2 inhibiting CRC metastasis through repression of the TGFB1/CXCL5 axis. Furthermore, either TGF-βR1 inhibitor SB431542 or CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 treatment moderately decreased the migratory and invasive capabilities of DLD-1-LV-shLCN2 cells, whereas the combination treatment of the two agents dramatically decreased the migratory and invasive capabilities of DLD-1-LV-shLCN2 cells. Conclusions: This study underscores LCN2 as an independent protective factor and prognostic biomarker for CRC patients. Combined treatment with the SB431542 and the SB225002 significantly attenuated LCN2-related CRC metastasis. Targeting the LCN2/TGFB1/CXCL5 axis emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing LCN2-related metastatic CRC.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE294201 | GEO | 2025/04/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly and fourth most diagnosed cancer worldwide. Despite the progress in early diagnosis and advanced therapeutic options, CRC shows a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of ~45%. PRDM2/RIZ, a member of Positive Regulatory Domain (PRDM) gene family, expresses two main molecular variants, the PR-plus isoform (RIZ1) and the PR-minus (RIZ2). The imbalance in their expression levels in favour of RIZ2 is observed in many cancer types. The full length RIZ1 has been extensively investigated in several cancers where it acts as a tumour suppressor, whereas few studies have explored the RIZ2 oncogenic properties. PRDM2 is often target of frameshift mutations and aberrant DNA methylation in CRC. Accordingly, our analysis of Exome- and transcriptome public datasets available at The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal revealed that PRDM2 gene is frequently mutated and transcriptionally deregulated in CRC. However, little is known about its role in CRC. In this study, we first evaluated the expression of the different PRDM2 transcripts by in silico analysis on TCGA CRC datasets. Our in-silico analysis on TCGA datasets revealed a highly significant downregulation of RIZ1 in CRC samples whereas a RIZ2 increase was observed in the same samples. Then, we assayed several CRC cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis for the main PRDM2 transcripts and selected DLD-1 cell line, which showed the lowest RIZ2 levels to mimic TCGA datasets analysis results and consequently to assess the PRDM2/RIZ2 role in CRC cells. RNAseq analysis revealed that RIZ2 overexpression induced an EGF overexpression suggesting that RIZ2 could be involved in the EGF autocrine regulation of DLD-1 cell behaviour. Noteworthy, the forced RIZ2 expression increased cell viability, growth, colony formation, migration and organoid formation thus confirming our previous findings on HEK-293 cells. These effects could be mediated by the release of high EGF levels by RIZ2 overexpressing DLD-1 cells. Our findings add novel insights on the putative RIZ2 tumor-promoting functions in CRC, although additional attempts are warranted to depict the underlying molecular mechanism of action

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TGFB1/CXCL5 Axis Regulation by LCN2 Overexpression: A Promising Strategy to Inhibit Colorectal Cancer Metastasis and Enhance Prognosis

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