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NNMT inhibition in cancer-associated fibroblasts restores antitumor immunity.

ABSTRACT: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal cancer-supportive role, yet CAF-targeted therapies remain elusive. Through spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing, we investigated the role of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Mechanistically, NNMT-induced H3K27me3 hypomethylation drives complement secretion from CAFs, attracting immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor. NNMT knockout in immunocompetent mice impaired tumor growth in syngeneic ovarian, breast, and colon tumor models through enhanced CD8+ T cell activation. Using high-throughput screening, we developed a potent and specific NNMT inhibitor that reduces tumor burden and metastasis in multiple murine cancer models and restores immune checkpoint blockade efficacy by decreasing CAF-mediated MDSC recruitment and reinvigorating CD8⁺ T cell activation. Our findings establish NNMT as a central CAF regulator and promising therapeutic target to mitigate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE295028 | GEO | 2025/05/09

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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NNMT inhibition in cancer-associated fibroblasts restores antitumor immunity

Project description:Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal cancer-supportive role, yet CAF-targeted therapies remain elusive. Through spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) as a central CAF regulator in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients. Mechanistically, NNMT-induced H3K27me3 hypomethylation drives complement secretion from CAFs, attracting immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor. Using high-throughput screening, we developed a potent, specific NNMT inhibitor that reduces tumor burden in multiple murine cancer models and restores immune checkpoint blockade efficacy by decreasing CAF-mediated MDSC recruitment and reinvigorating CD8⁺ T cell activation. Our findings establish NNMT as an essential CAF regulator and promising therapeutic target to mitigate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.

2025-05-09 | GSE292661 | GEO

Proteomics reveals NNMT as a master metabolic regulator of cancer associated fibroblasts

Project description:High-grade serous carcinoma has a poor prognosis, owing primarily to its early dissemination throughout the abdominal cavity. Genomic and proteomic approaches have provided snapshots of the proteogenomics of ovarian cancer, but a systematic examination of both the tumour and stromal compartments is critical in understanding ovarian cancer metastasis. We developed a label- free proteomic workflow to analyse as few as 5,000 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cells microdissected from each compartment. The tumour proteome was stable during progression from in situ lesions to metastatic disease; however, the metastasis-associated stroma was characterized by a highly conserved proteomic signature, prominently including the methyltransferase nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and several of the proteins that it regulates. Stromal NNMT expression was necessary and sufficient for functional aspects of the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype, including the expression of CAF markers and the secretion of cytokines and oncogenic extracellular matrix. Stromal NNMT expression supported ovarian cancer migration, proliferation and in vivo growth and metastasis. Expression of NNMT in CAFs led to depletion of S-adenosyl methionine and reduction in histone methylation associated with widespread gene- expression changes in the tumour stroma. This work supports the use of ultra-low-input proteomics to identify candidate drivers of disease phenotypes. NNMT is a central, metabolic regulator of CAF differentiation and cancer progression in the stroma that may be therapeutically targeted.

2019-04-18 | PXD006396 | Pride

RNA sequencing of NNMT overexpression in 3T3 fibroblasts

Project description:High grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) arising from either the fallopian tube or ovary has a poor prognosis primarily due to its early dissemination throughout the abdominal cavity. Genomic and proteomic approaches have provided snapshots of the proteogenomics of ovarian cancer (OvCa)1,2, but a systematic examination of both the tumor and stromal compartments is critical to understanding OvCa metastasis. We developed a label-free proteomic workflow to analyze as few as 5,000 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded cells microdissected from each compartment. The tumor proteome was comparatively stable during progression from in situ lesions to metastatic disease; however, the metastasis-associated stroma was characterized by a highly conserved proteomic signature, prominently including the methyltransferase nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and the proteins it regulates. Stromal NNMT expression was necessary and sufficient for several functional aspects of the cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype, including the expression of CAF markers and the secretion of cytokines and oncogenic extracellular matrix. Stromal NNMT supported OvCa migration, proliferation, and in vivo growth and metastasis. Expression of NNMT in CAFs led to a depletion of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) and a reduction in histone methylation associated with extensive gene expression changes in the tumor stroma. This work supports the use of ultra-low input proteomics to identify candidate drivers of disease phenotypes and reveals that NNMT is a central, metabolic regulator of CAF differentiation and cancer progression in the stroma and a novel treatment target.

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H3K27 ChIP-sequencing of NNMT overexpression in normal fibroblasts

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Microarray analysis of NNMT overexpression and knockdown in stromal cells

Project description:Analysis of gene expression in human CAFs with control (shCtrl) or shRNA against NNMT (shNNMT) expression or normal fibroblasts expressing control (Ctrl) or NNMT overexpression (NNMT) constructs. Cells were infected with lentivirus to express the indicated shRNA construct. Hypothesis is that knockdown of NNMT will affect expression of genes via regulation of histone methylation status.

2019-05-01 | GSE112497 | GEO

H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and H3K4me3 ChIP-sequencing in SUM159PT NNMT-WT, NNMT-KOd and NNMT KOs breast cancer cells.

Project description:The cellular heterogeneity within a tumor can be determined by core genetic and epigenetic programs that operate in certain cells (tumor initiating cells – TICs), providing them with the degree of plasticity needed for induction of metastasis and resistance to therapy. Here we show that the metabolic enzyme nicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT) promotes TIC plasticity in Estrogen Receptor (ER) alpha negative breast cancer. NNMT downregulation delays tumor formation and its full depletion impairs metastasis formation in mice. Mechanistically, NNMT loss increases deposition of H3K9-me2/3 and H3K27-me3 at the promoter of genes involved in stem cell regulation, shutting down their expression and upregulating luminal differentiation genes. This study reveals a major function of NNMT in maintaining core epigenetic programmes that promote TIC self-renewal and metastasis and that repress luminal differentiation.

2023-04-13 | GSE114875 | GEO

DNA methylation analysis of NNMT overexpression and knockdown in stromal cells

Project description:Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in response to overexpression or knockdown of NNMT in stromal cells. The Illumina MethylationEPIC array was used to profiled genome-wide methylation of normal fibroblasts expressing a control construct or NNMT overexpression construt and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing an shCtrl or shNNMT construct. Two biological replicates of each experimental group were profiled following growth in 10 micromolar methionine growth media for 21 days.

2019-05-01 | GSE126672 | GEO

Reprogramming of normal fibroblasts into ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts via non-vesicular paracrine signaling induces an activated fibroblast phenotype

Project description:Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key contributors to ovarian cancer (OC) progression and therapeutic resistance through dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). CAFs are a heterogenous population derived from different cell types through activation and reprogramming. Current studies rely on uncharacterized heterogenous primary CAFs or normal fibroblasts that fail to recapitulate CAF-like tumor behavior. Here, we present that conditioned media from ovarian cancer lines leads to an increase in the activated state of fibroblasts demonstrated by functional assays and up-regulation of known CAF-related genes and ECM pathways. Phenotypic and functional characterization demonstrated that the conditioned CAFs expressed a CAF-like phenotype, strengthened proliferation, secretory, contractility, and ECM remodeling properties when compared to resting normal fibroblasts, consistent with an activated fibroblast status. Moreover, conditioned CAFs significantly enhanced drug resistance and tumor progression. Critically, the conditioned CAFs resemble a transcriptional signature with involvement of ECM remodeling. The present study provides mechanistic and functional insights about the activation and reprogramming of CAFs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment mediated by nonvesicular paracrine signaling. Moreover, it provides a translational based approach to reprogram normal fibroblasts from both uterine and ovarian origin into CAFs using tumor-derived conditioned media. Using these resources, further development of therapeutics that possess potentiality and specificity towards CAF/ECMmediated chemoresistance in OC are further warranted.

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Microarray analysis of knockdown of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in human cancer-associated fibroblasts

Project description:Analysis of gene expression in human CAFs with control (shCtrl) or shRNA against NNMT (shNNMT) expression. Cells were infected with lentivirus to express the indicated shRNA construct. Hypothesis is that knockdown of NNMT will affect expression of genes via regulation of histone methylation status.

2022-05-01 | GSE98267 | GEO

Senescent cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic adenocarcinoma impair CD8+ T cell activation and limit responsiveness to immunotherapy in mice

Project description:Senescent cells within tumors and their stroma exert complex pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions, yet the potential for targeting such senescent cells for improved therapy remains largely unknown. Here, we uncover the presence of a senescent subset of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) and in premalignant lesions in mice and humans. Senescent CAFs represented different previously-defined CAF subtypes. Senescent CAFs isolated from mouse and humans expressed elevated levels of immunoregulatory genes. Depletion of senescent CAFs, either genetically or using the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199 (venetoclax), increased the proportion of activated CD8+ T cells in mouse pancreatic carcinomas, whereas induction of CAF senescence had the opposite effect. Combining ABT-199 with an immune checkpoint therapy regimen significantly reduced mouse tumor burden. These results indicate that senescent CAFs in PDAC stroma limit the numbers of activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and suggest that their targeted elimination through senolytic treatment may enhance immunotherapy.

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