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A transcriptomic and morphological atlas of protochordate blood reveals divergent immune cell types from vertebrates

ABSTRACT: Innate immune cells are a promising system for studying cell type evolution, as they are widespread across Metazoa, have several conserved functions, and are under selective pressure from pathogens. However, molecular characterizations of invertebrate immune cells are limited, and we do not know whether invertebrate immune cell types are homologous to those in vertebrates. Here we present a single-cell atlas of blood cells from a basal chordate, Ciona robusta, which lacks vertebrate innovations such as red blood cells and adaptive immunity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, and live reporters, we extend definitions of C. robusta blood cells by showing that canonical, morphologically-defined cell types are transcriptomically heterogeneous. We find evidence that circulating blood contains a differentiation hierarchy with at least five major lineages. Mature blood cells include phagocytes, as well as over 20 cell states variously expressing vanadium-binding proteins, carbonic anhydrases, pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and complement factors. Despite the expression of homologs to vertebrate immune components, we find that tunicate and vertebrate blood cell states share no clear homology in their transcriptomic profiles. Expression of transcription factors has also diverged. Altogether, this work modernizes blood cell classifications in C. robusta and reveals a surprising diversity of immune cells within chordates.

ORGANISM(S): Ciona robusta

PROVIDER: GSE296253 | GEO | 2025/05/23

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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