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Erythromycin-mediated complete co-flocculation between cyanobacterium and Penicillium: the easy-to-harvest co-cultivation without organic compound that increased CO2 fixation and biomass production.

ABSTRACT: Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria convert CO2 and produce various bioproducts. However, effective cell harvesting from liquid cultivation is a main obstacle. Automatic bio-flocculation provides a potential solution. In a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Syn) culture, we found that Syn co-flocculated with the natural contaminated fungi (identified as Penicillium sp.) as sphere biomass cluster with space inside, under the treatment of antibiotic erythromycin, but not without erythromycin. The optimized co-cultivation for five days using the initial Syn density of 0.4 OD730, 5 mg/100 ml fresh weight of Penicillium inoculum, and 5 µM EM in the BG11 medium with no organic compounds produced a complete biomass co-flocculation up to 2.0 g/L, equivalent to the atmospheric CO2 capture of 0.6 g/L/d: the 7.9-times biomass level and 7.2-times CO2 capture amount performed by the axenic Syn culture. A major constituent in Syn-Penicillium flocculated biomass is protein contents ranging from 39-61% of dry weight. In addition, increasing EM concentrations (from 0.3 to 10 µM) enlarged the co-flocculate diameter from x to Y and increasing the culture volumes (from 100 to 200-400 mL) altered co-flocculate surface texture from relatively smooth to rough with thorns. This co-flocculation may be further developed for CO2 capture and biomass utilization as amimal feed with a high protein contents. Syn with Penicillium_1; Synechocystis with Penicillium replicate 1 Syn with Penicillium_2; Synechocystis with Penicillium replicate 2 Syn with Penicillium_3; Synechocystis with Penicillium replicate 3 Syn without EM_1; Synechocystis without Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 Syn without EM_2; Synechocystis without Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 Syn without EM_3; Synechocystis without Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 Syn with EM_1; Synechocystis with Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 Syn with EM_2; Synechocystis with Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 Syn with EM_3; Synechocystis with Erytromycin treatment replicate 1 LR_Syn with Penicillium with EM_1; Large star structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 1 LR_Syn with Penicillium with EM_2; Large star structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 2 LR_Syn with Penicillium with EM_3; Large star structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 3 SS_Syn with Penicillium with EM_1; Small smooth structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 1 SS_Syn with Penicillium with EM_2; Small smooth structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 2 SS_Syn with Penicillium with EM_3; Small smooth structure of Synechocystis with Penicillium under EM treatment replicate 3

ORGANISM(S): Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

PROVIDER: GSE296905 | GEO | 2026/01/26

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria assimilate the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source for producing useful bioproducts. However, harvesting the cells from their liquid media is a major bottleneck in the process. Thus, an easy-to-harvest method, such as auto-flocculation, is desirable. Here, we found that cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 co-flocculated with a natural fungal contamination in the presence of the antibiotic erythromycin (EM) but not without EM. The fungi in the co-flocculated biomass were isolated and found to consist of five species with the filamentous Purpureocillium lilacinum and Aspergillus protuberus making up 71% of the overall fungal population. The optimal co-cultivation for flocculation was an initial 5 mg (fresh weight) of fungi, an initial cell density of Synechocystis of 0.2 OD730, 10 µM EM, and 14 days of cultivation in 100 mL of BG11 medium with no organic compound. This yielded 248 ± 28 mg/L of the Synechocystis-fungi flocculated biomass from 560 ± 35 mg/L of total biomass, a 44 ± 2 % biomass flocculation efficiency. Furthermore, the EM treated Synechocystis cells in the Synechocystis-fungi flocculate had a normal cell color and morphology, while those in the axenic suspension exhibited strong chlorosis. Thus, the occurrence of the Synechocystis-fungi flocculation was mediated by EM, and the co-flocculation with the fungi helped Synechocystis to alleviate the negative effect of EM. Transcriptomic analysis of suspended and flocculated (with the fungi) Synechocystis cells suggested that the EM-mediated co-flocculation was a result of down-regulation of the minor pilin genes and up-regulation of several genes including the chaperone gene for pilin regulation, the S-layer protein genes, the exopolysaccharide-polymerization gene, and the genes for signaling proteins involved in cell attachment and abiotic-stress responses. The EM treatment may be applied in the co-culture between other cyanobacteria and fungi to mediate cell bio-flocculation.

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Erythromycin-mediated complete co-flocculation between cyanobacterium and Penicillium: the easy-to-harvest co-cultivation without organic compound that increased CO2 fixation and biomass production.

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