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Endogenous hormonal dynamics and transcriptional regulations in internodal growth in Cunninghamia lanceolata: based on comparative analysis of two clones with different internode growing patterns

ABSTRACT: Background Internodal characteristics are critical for cultivating knot-free Cunninghamia lanceolata, but limited knowledge of internode growing mechanisms has hindered breeding efforts for longer-internode types of C. lanceolata. In this study, we selected two clones with distinct internodal traits (C1 clone exhibited a 25.03% longer internodal length than C11) as materials. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and RNA-seq were used to investigate the changes in endogenous hormones and their associated transcriptional regulation during internodal growth and lateral bud formation. Result Our findings suggest that the differences in the dynamic rhythm of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) in apical buds are a key factor in C1's longer internodal growth. Specifically, IAA levels in C1 showed a significant decline at the S4 stage, which occurred later than in C11. Higher levels of IAA and cytokinins in the apical buds of C1 clone likely supported sustained internodal growth. The greater number of upregulated IAA-related genes in the upper phloem, including PIN1 and SAURs, which involved in polar transport and signal response, indicates a stronger capacity to establish apical dominance. The higher strigolactones (SLs) content, combined with IAA-driven apical dominance, delayed lateral bud emergence. Meanwhile, the lower brassinosteroids content and the high expression of brassinosteroid-activity-regulating genes such as UGT85A1 and BAS1 suggest that brassinosteroids (BRs) may serve as significant secondary hormonal signals promoting internodal growth. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) further indicated that hormones transport may regulated by very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), coordinating both lateral bud emergence and internodal growth. Conclusion This study offers a preliminary understanding of the mechanisms behind internodal growth in C. lanceolata, providing insights for genetic control and germplasm selection in breeding, and serves as a guide for using exogenous hormone interventions to regulater internodal growth for cultivate of knot-free timber.

ORGANISM(S): Cunninghamia lanceolata

PROVIDER: GSE297964 | GEO | 2025/05/25

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Azospirillum is a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with ability to produce several phytohormones such as auxins, mainly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The positive interaction of Azospirillum with plants has been simplified and explained through the bacterial capacity to produce IAA. Typical changes on root architecture by promoting the number of lateral roots and hair formation, and reducing the primary root length were established in inoculated plants. These changes increase the root surface improving the water and nutrients acquisition, and thus the growth of the whole plant. The mechanisms by which Azospirillum induces such changes fails to be explained only by the bacterial capacity to produce IAA. In this work, we have evaluated the root architecture and gene expression changes occurred in Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with A. brasilense Az39 and the IAA-deficient mutant (Az39 ipdC-), or treated with exogenous IAA solution to confirm both, the IAA-dependent and IAA-independent Azospirillum´s pathways to promote the root growth. Our results demonstrate the ability of Az39 to modify the primary root development through IAA biosynthesis, while other IAA-independent mechanisms were related to an increase in the lateral roots development and the root hairs number. Jasmonates, ethylene and salicylic acid were increased in the IAA-deficient bacterial treatments, as the ipdC mutant significantly up-regulated transcription of genes enriched of these phytohormones signaling after 7 days. Further, the physical presence of the inactive bacteria (Az39φ) seems to mediate the development of root hairs, a mechanism common to other non-PGPR as E. coli DH5α. Our results suggest that Az39 inoculation induces morphological changes in root architecture through both IAA-dependent and independent mechanism. The IAA biosynthesis by Az39 reduces the primary root length; while the cells contact with the roots increases the root hairs production. Both the synthesis of active IAA and the presence of metabolically active Az39 cells increase the growth and development of lateral roots.

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Endogenous hormonal dynamics and transcriptional regulations in internodal growth in Cunninghamia lanceolata: based on comparative analysis of two clones with different internode growing patterns

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