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Endothelial cell-intrinsic NOD2 signaling regulates the intestinal immune response through the generation of effector and memory T cells.

ABSTRACT: Crohn’s disease (CD) involves aberrant intestinal T cell immunity, and genetic variants associated with disease development. Notably, mutations impairing NOD2 signaling represent the largest genetic risk factor for CD. Paradoxically, while variants in NOD2 are associated CD, its ligand, bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a potent stimulator of innate immunity, long recognized as the minimal component required for the adjuvanticity of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. This paradox underscores a critical gap in our understanding of how NOD2 coordinates the innate-adaptive immune crosstalk required to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, we show that NOD2 engagement by MDP drives T cell homing to the mesenteric lymph nodes during homeostasis and infection. This recruitment promotes antigen-specific effector and memory T cell accumulation in the ileal lamina propria, a process essential for effective recall responses and clearance of secondary infections. Mechanistically, this process requires endothelial-intrinsic NOD2 expression, which drives a specialized transcriptional program for leukocyte recruitment.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE298513 | GEO | 2026/05/25

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Impact of NOD2 Genotype on the Innate Monocyte Transcriptome in Crohn’s Disease

Project description:Short title: Innate Gene/miRNA MDP-response in CD RNA-seq and small RNA-seq were used to identify the expression of gene and microRNA (miRNA) in monocytes from healthy controls and patients with Crohn's Disease (CD), with and without NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after stimulation with muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

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NOD2 and desease associated variant NOD2-L1007fsinsC dependent genomewide transcriptional regulation in stable Flp-In HEK cells

Project description:NOD2 is an intracellular receptor for the bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and variants of NOD2 are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases of barrier organs e.g. Crohn disease, asthma and atopic eczema. It is known that activation of NOD2 induces a variety of inflammatory and antibacterial factors. The exact transcriptomal signatures that define the cellular programs downstream of NOD2 activation and the influence of the Crohn-associated variant L1007fsinsC are yet to be defined. To describe the MDP-induced activation program, we analyzed the transcriptomal reactions of isogenic HEK293 cells expressing NOD2wt or NOD2L1007fsinsC to stimulation with MDP. Importantly, a clear loss-of-function could be observed in the cells carrying the Crohn-associated variant L1007fsinsC, while the NOD2wt cells showed differential regulation of growth factors, chemokines and several antagonists of NF-κB, e.g. TNFAIP3 (A20) and IER3. To elucidate the MDP-induced activation program we generated isogenic HEK293 cells stably expressing wildtype NOD2 or NOD2L1007fsinsC using a FRT-recombinase based approach. Cells carrying the inserted vector cassette were used as controls (mock-transfectant). To comprehensively analyze NOD2-mediated innate immune responses we analyzed transcriptomal signature patterns using genome-wide cDNA microarrays. Samples were harvested from cell cultures under normal growth conditions 0 h, 2 h and 6 h after MDP‑ stimulation of the cells.

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MDP phosphorylation by NAGK is essential for NOD2 activation

Project description:Bacterial cell wall components provide various unique molecular structures that are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system as non-self. Most bacterial species form a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan, a polymeric structure comprising of alternating amino sugars. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the minimal, biologically active molecular structure derived from peptidoglycan, and its immunogenicity is well documented in numerous studies. MDP is sensed by the cytosolic nucleotide-binding and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor 2 (NOD2), which triggers a pro-inflammatory response upon engagement 1,2. Conducting a forward genetic screen to identify factors required for MDP detection, we discovered that N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK) is essential for the immunostimulatory activity of MDP. NAGK, which has previously been identified to contribute to the hexosamine salvage pathway in humans, is broadly expressed and inducible in innate immune cells. Mechanistically, NAGK functions upstream of NOD2 in that it directly phosphorylates the N-acetylmuramic moiety of MDP at the hydroxyl group of its C6 position, yielding 6-O-phospho-MDP. NAGK-phosphorylated MDP constitutes an essential component of NOD2 dependent signal transduction. Altogether, these results unveil a previously unknown interconnection of amino sugar metabolism and innate immunity to bacterial cell walls.

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