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Atomistic TCR-ligand interactions instruct memory T-cell differentiation and crossreactivity

ABSTRACT: While memory T-cells provide protective immunity against specific pathogens, their post-encounter differentiation into central (TCM) and/or effector (TEM) subpopulations remains enigmatic. We thus explored the CD8 T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of 242 murine TCR clonotypes directed against an immunodominant influenza A virus (IAV) peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand, the nucleoprotein NP366-374/Db, leveraging single-cell transcriptomics with paired TCR sequencing, mechanosensing metrics, and in vivo memory development plus TCR-pMHC structural analyses. Polar TEM and more variegated TCM repertoires as well as bipotential “bipolar” clonotypes (TBP) revealed weak force-dependent bonding parameters associated with heterosubtypic IAV crossreactivities. TCM and TEM polarities manifest pMHC binding skewed to TCR- versus TCR-subunit mechanotransduction, respectively, unlike the more signaling-balanced TBP TCRs. In sum, TCR diversity anticipates pathogen evolution whereas divergent signaling regulates memory fate.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE302680 | GEO | 2026/02/18

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The avidity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigenic peptides presented by the MHC (pMHC) on cells is an essential parameter for efficient T cell-mediated immunity. Yet, whether the TCR-ligand avidity can drive the clonal evolution of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and how this process is determined in latent Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated infection remains largely unknown. Here, we quantified monomeric TCR-pMHC dissociation rates on CMV- and EBV-specific individual TCR-alpha-beta clonotypes and polyclonal CD8 T cell populations in healthy donors over a follow-up time of 15-18 years. Within CMV/pp65-specific T cell repertoires, a progressive contraction of clonotypes with high TCR-pMHC avidity and low CD8 binding dependency was observed, leading to an overall avidity decline during long-term antigen exposure. We identified a unique transcriptional signature preferentially expressed by high-avidity CMV/pp65-specific T cell clonotypes, including the inhibitory receptor LILRB1. Interestingly, T cell clonotypes of high-avidity showed higher LILRB1 expression than the low-avidity ones and LILRB1 blockade moderately increased T cell proliferation. Similar findings were made for CD8 T cell repertoires specific for the CMV/IE-1 epitope. There was a gradual in vivo loss of high-avidity T cells with time for both CMV specificities, corresponding to virus-specific CD8 T cells expressing enhanced LILRB1 levels. In sharp contrast, the EBV/BMFL1-specific T cell clonal composition and distribution, once established, displayed an exceptional stability, unrelated to TCR-pMHC binding avidity or LILRB1 expression. Together, these findings reveal an overall long-term avidity decline of CMV- but not EBV-specific T cell clonal repertoires, highlighting the differing role played by TCR-ligand avidity over the course of these two latent herpesvirus infections. Our data suggest that the inhibitor receptor LILRB1 potentially restricts the clonal expansion of high-avidity CMV-specific T cell clonotypes during latent infection. We propose that the mechanisms regulating the long-term outcome of CMV- and EBV-specific memory CD8 T cell clonotypes in humans are distinct.

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Atomistic TCR-ligand interactions instruct memory T-cell differentiation and crossreactivity

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