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Elevated systemic phenylalanine disrupts glutamate-dependent STING signaling in neutrophils and impairs cancer immunotherapy

ABSTRACT: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy, yet acquired immune resistance remains a major barrier to durable response. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized immunometabolic axis in which elevated systemic phenylalanine (Phe) - driven by dietary intake or ICI-induced hepatic dysfunction - promotes immune evasion. Mechanistically, ICI-induced IL-6 and IFN-γ trigger proteasomal degradation of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) via a TOPK-HECTD1 pathway in hepatocytes, leading to increased circulating Phe. Excess Phe suppresses antitumor immunity by impairing STING activation in tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), through antagonism of glutamate-GRIK1-CaMKIV signaling. We uncover a key STING phosphorylation site (S324/326) essential for ER-to-Golgi trafficking and type I interferon responses, which is disrupted by Phe. These effects are independent of cGAS-cGAMP and define a glutamate-sensing checkpoint in neutrophil immunity. Therapeutically, restoring PAH function using liver-targeted synthetic RNA mimetics of HULC - a noncoding RNA shown to allosterically enhance PAH enzymatic activity - or activating GRIK1 with SYM2081 reprograms the tumor microenvironment, enhances CD8⁺ T cell function, and overcomes ICI resistance. This work reveals hepatic metabolic reprogramming as a central mechanism of immune escape and highlights new therapeutic opportunities to boost immunotherapy efficacy.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE303168 | GEO | 2025/07/21

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) continue to cause environmental challenges due to their release in the environment by a great variety of anthropogenic activities and their accumulation in soil ecosystems. Here we studied the toxicological effect of the model PAH phenanthrene (Phe) on the soil invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus at the individual, tissue and molecular level. Organisms were exposed to Phe for 2 and 21 days to the (previously estimated) EC10 and EC50 (population reproduction over 3 weeks). Gene expression profiling did not reveal a typical Phe-induced biotransfor-mation signature, as it usually does in arthropods and vertebrates. Instead, we observed only general metabolic processes to be affected after 2 days of exposure, such as translation and ATP synthesis-coupled electron transport. Histological sections of tissues of 2-day exposed animals did not show any deviations from the control situation. In contrast, prolonged exposure up to 21 days showed histopathological effects: chloragogenous cells were highly vacuolated and hypertrophic. This was corroborated by differential expression of genes related to immune response and oxidative stress at the transcriptomic level. The data exemplify the complexity and species-specific features of PAH toxicity among soil invertebrate communities, which restricts read-across and extrapolation in the context of soil ecological risk assessment. The data presented in our manuscript is an exposure experiment where E. cryticus is exposed to phenanthrene EC10 and EC50 on reproduction for 2 and 21 days. A single channel, interwoven loop design was used to test animals. 4 biological replicates per condition were used containing 25 grams of soil and 5 - 7, adult old animals per replicate. The platform is a 4*180k Agilent platform containing some 86k E. crypticus probes in duplicate. However, only a subset of the probes (23k) was used for the analysis. To see which probes were used in the analysis see the raw data files control type column, only probes which are denoted with a 0 were used.

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Elevated systemic phenylalanine disrupts glutamate-dependent STING signaling in neutrophils and impairs cancer immunotherapy

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