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MICAL2 as a Key Effector of β-Catenin Signaling Driving Melanoma Progression and Therapeutic Resistance

ABSTRACT: β-catenin plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis through its involvement in cell-cell adhesion, Wnt signaling, and transcriptional regulation. Dysregulation of β-catenin contributes to tumorigenesis by promoting proliferation, bypassing senescence, and enhancing migration and invasion. In melanoma, however, its role has been controversial, with studies reporting conflicting effects on proliferation, metastasis, and patient survival. Here, we demonstrate that activation of β-catenin is associated with a poor prognosis in melanoma. This conclusion is based on an immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of 157 patients and the identification of a genetic signature for melanoma associated with β-catenin activation. This signature includes known targets such as APCDD1 and AXIN2, as well as previously unknown targets like MICAL2 and SLC1A5. Notably, MICAL2 emerged as a key regulator of the invasive phenotype, with high expression levels correlating with adverse outcomes. Functional studies confirmed that MICAL2 is transcriptionally regulated by β-catenin. Oncogenic β-catenin expression in Nras and Braf mouse models further validated the conserved regulation of MICAL2, linking it to melanoma initiation and metastasis. Moreover, MICAL2 expression is enriched in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors, and MICAL2 downregulation restores therapeutic sensitivity. These findings highlight MICAL2 as a central effector of β-catenin signaling and a mediator of melanoma progression and resistance. Given the therapeutic challenges of directly targeting β-catenin, the enzymatic activity of MICAL2 presents a promising alternative strategy. Targeting MICAL2 could therefore represent an innovative approach to improve clinical outcomes in melanoma patients with β-catenin–driven disease.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE308268 | GEO | 2026/10/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:CD24 plays a crucial role in tumor growth and metastasis, including in prostate cancer. While CD24 stimulates prostate cancer cell growth by controlling the ARF-NPM interaction and p53 inactivation, the mechanism of CD24-mediated metastasis remains elusive. This study identifies a direct interaction between CD24 and RCC2 with roles in prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Immunohistochemical analysis of primary prostate cancer samples showed expression of CD24 in 49% of samples and RCC2 in 82%, with a positive correlation between their protein levels. Their co-expression, particularly the binding of CD24 to the C-terminal domain of RCC2, supports their direct interaction, which may regulate cell motility and adhesion. Functional assays revealed that knockout (KO) of RCC2 in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation but unexpectedly enhanced cell migration and invasion, while CD24 KO reduced proliferation and migration. Notably, dual KOs of CD24 and RCC2 led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation but showed mixed effects on migration, indicating a complex interplay between these proteins. In vivo, RCC2 KO in prostate cancer cells promoted spontaneous lung metastasis without significantly altering primary tumor growth, contrasting with CD24 KO, which reduced tumor growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, RCC2 was shown to ubiquitinate and degrade Vimentin, influencing cytoskeletal dynamics and migratory behavior. Furthermore, CD24 was found to ubiquitinate and degrade RCC2, leading to modulation of the β-catenin signaling pathway. RCC2 KO increased β-catenin activation and decreased the expression of its inhibitors AXIN2 and APC, while CD24 KO led to β-catenin inactivation. This opposing regulation of β-catenin signaling by CD24 and RCC2 underscores their differential roles in prostate cancer cell migration. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer growth and metastasis and identify the CD24-RCC2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for controlling tumor growth and metastasis in prostate cancer.

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MICAL2 as a Key Effector of β-Catenin Signaling Driving Melanoma Progression and Therapeutic Resistance

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