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A specific Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-delta agonist is hepatoprotective and attenuates liver fibrogenesis

ABSTRACT: PPARδ is emerging as a key metabolic regulator with pleiotropic actions on various tissues including fat, skeletal muscle and liver. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of either the well-validated PPARδ agonist GW501516, or a novel PPARδ agonist KD3010 in mouse models of liver fibrosis. KD3010, but not GW501516, treated mice had markedly less liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections. Deposition of extracellular matrix proteins was lower in the KD3010 group as compared to the vehicle or GW501516 treated group. Interestingly, profibrogenic CTGF was significantly induced by GW501516, but not KD3010, following CCl4 treatment. The hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effect of KD3010 was confirmed in a model of cholestasis-induced liver injury and fibrosis using bile duct ligation for three weeks. Hepatocytes were identified as targets for PPARδ agonist, and primary hepatocytes treated with KD3010 showed decreased serum starvation or CCl4-induced cell death, while GW501516 treated hepatocytes were not protected. KD3010 treatment of hepatocytes decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after CCl4 exposure. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a novel PPARδ agonist has hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects in animal models of liver fibrosis. Given the oral availability and the favorable pharmacologic profile of KD3010, ligand activation of PPARδ represents an attractive and promising target for patients with chronic liver diseases.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE32121 | GEO | 2012/04/19

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA147447

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:BACKGROUND & AIMS: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 and JNK2 are expressed in hepatocytes and have overlapping and distinct functions. JNK proteins are activated, via phosphorylation, in response to acetaminophen- or CCl4-induced liver damage; the level of activation correlates with the degree of injury. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, has been reported to block acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We investigated the role of JNK in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in liver tissues from patients and in mice with genetic deletion of JNK in hepatocytes. METHODS: We studied liver sections from patients with DILI (due to acetaminophen, phenprocoumon, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or autoimmune hepatitis), or patients without acute liver failure (controls), collected from a DILI Biobank in Germany. Levels of total and activated (phosphorylated) JNK were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Jnk1 (Jnk1Îhepa) or combination of Jnk1 and Jnk2 (JnkÎhepa), as well as Jnk1-floxed C57BL/6 (control) mice, were given injections of CCl4 (to induce fibrosis) or acetaminophen (to induce toxic liver injury). We performed gene expression microarray, and phosphoproteomic analyses to determine mechanisms of JNK activity in hepatocytes. RESULTS: Liver samples from DILI patients contained more activated JNK, predominantly in nuclei of hepatocytes and in immune cells, than healthy tissue. Administration of acetaminophen to JnkÎhepa mice produced a greater level of liver injury than that observed in Jnk1Îhepa or control mice, based on levels of serum markers and microscopic and histologic analysis of liver tissues. Administration of CCl4 also induced stronger hepatic injury in JnkÎhepa mice, based on increased inflammation, cell proliferation, and fibrosis progression, compared to Jnk1Îhepa or control mice. Hepatocytes from JnkÎhepa mice given acetaminophen had an increased oxidative stress response, leading to decreased activation of AMPK, total protein AMPK levels, and pJunD and subsequent necrosis. Administration of SP600125 before or with acetaminophen protected JnkÎhepa and control mice from liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: In hepatocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 appear to have combined effects in protecting mice from CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. It is important to study the tissue-specific functions of both proteins, rather than just JNK1, in the onset of toxic liver injury. JNK inhibition with SP600125 shows off-target effects. Livers and primary hepatocytes were isolated from wild type and JNKÎhepa (Jnk1Îhepa/global Jnk2-/-) double-knockout mice and subjected to gene expression profiling.

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A specific Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-delta agonist is hepatoprotective and attenuates liver fibrogenesis

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